INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS TECHNOLOGY HAND BOOKS Price: Rs. 1100  US$  110 Description:  The Book covers Acetylene (C2H2), Acetaldehyde (CH2CHO) , Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulphate, Ammonium Phosphate, Alkyd Resins and Plastics, Alcohol Beverages, Alum, Anionic Detergents, Adhesives, Alumina (Aluminium Oxide), Aluminium Sulphate from Bauxite, Aluminium Chloride, Bio Gas Or Gobar Gas, Bleaching Powder, Barium and Its Compounds, Caffeine (C8H10N4O2H2O) , Ceramics, Cement, Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Cationic Detergents, Calcium Carbide, Copper Sulphate, Citric Acid (CH2COOH HO-C-COOH CH2COOH), Carbon Black, Dicalcium Phosphate, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol or C2H5OH or Industrial Alcohol, Fuels, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrochloric Acid, Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO47H2O), Nitric Acid, Oxalic Acid, Paraffin Wax, Phosphoric Acid, Phenol (C5H5OH), Preparation of MgO from Dolomite, Potassium Permanganate, Stearic Acid (CC17H35COOH), Sulphuric Acid, Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid, Soda Ash, Sodium Hypochlorite, Sodium Chlorate, Sodium Chromate, Sodium Phosphates, Sodium Chloride (Common Salt), Sodium Thiosulphate (HYPO), Sodium Silicate, Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) , Superphosphate, Some Small Scale Units, Tartaric Acid, Titanium Dioxide, Tri-Sodium Phosphate, Ultramarine Blue, Zinc Oxide, Plant Economics of Acetylene Gas and Oxygen Gas (Integrated Unit), Plant Economics of Ammonium Nitrate, Plant Economics of Ammonium Sulphate, Plant Economics of Alkyd Resins, Plant Economics of Alcoholic Beverages and Vinegar from Coconut Water, Plant Economics of Adhesive (Fevicol Type), Plant Economics of Aluminium Chloride, Plant Economics of Alumina Ceramics, Plant Economics of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk, Plant Economics of Beer Industry & Alcoholic Beverages, Plant Economics of Bleaching Powder, Plant Economics of Barium Compounds, Plant Economics of Caffeine from Tea Waste, Plant Economics of Ceramic Glazed Tiles, Plant Economics of Caustic Soda by Soda Lime Process, Plant Economics of Calcium Carbonate (Precipitated), Plant Economics of Detergent (Anionic), Plant Economics of Dicalcium Phosphate from Rock Phosphate, Plant Economics of Ethyl Alcohol from Molasses, Plant Economics of Ethanol (Biofuel) from Molasses, Plant Economics of Flavoured Alcoholic Drinks, Plant Economics of Ferric Alum Various Grades, Plant Economics of Glacial Acetic Acid, Plant Economics of Glue & Adhesive, Plant Economics of Leather Adhesives, Plant Economics of Mini Cement Plant, Plant Economics of Non Ferric Alum, Plant Economics of Refractories with Ceramics, Plant Economics of Starch & Dextrin Based Adhesive, Plant Economics of Sulphuric Acid, Plant Economics of Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate), Plant Economics of Sodium Silicate By Soda Ash & Silica Sand, Plant Economics of Zinc Oxide, Suppliers of Plant and Machineries, Suppliers of Raw Materials.     Related Books   MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS Price:  Rs. 1400   US$.  140 Agro Chemical Industries (Insecticides and Pesticides) Price:  Rs. 900   US$.  100       Technology of Petrochemicals, Lubricants, Greases and Petroleum Refining Price:  Rs. 900   US$.  90       Hand Book of Electroplating, Anodizing and Surface Finishing Technology Price:  Rs. 750   US$.  75       Sample Chapter   1 Acetylene (C2H2)  Acetylene is prepared from natural gas or from paraffin hydrocarbons.  (a) From Natural Gas- Methane obtained from natural gas is partially oxidised by oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. The excess of methane is then converted into acetylene in presence of heat evolved in the former reaction.    CH4 + 2O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O    2CH4 ® C2H2 + 3H2   Natural gas and almost pure oxygen are first preheated in preheaters to a temper-ature of about 550-650°C and the hot gases are then fed to a reactor which consists of three zones, viz, mixing, flame cham-ber and quinching. The gases are rapidly mixed in the first mixing zone and the mixture passes to the flame chamber containing specially designed burners. Methane burns in oxygen in the flame chamber and heat of combustion increases the temperature of the gases to about 1500°C. For a contact period of 0.001-0.01 second, methane is cracked to acetylene under these conditions. The temperature is raised rapidly (since cracking of methane to acetylene is an endothermic reaction) and the reaction products quenched quickly with water jets in the quenching zone to avoid further reaction.   They are further cooled in a water cooled chamber to abouul 35- 40°C in order to prevent the decomposition of acetylene. The cooled outcoming gases are then made free from carbon or soot by passing them through a filter. The gases thus obtained contain 8- 10 percent acetylene alongwith hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and some polymerised acetylene. 99.5% pure acetylene is obtained from the mixture by extraction with a suitable solvent, such as dimethyl formaide. The mixture of gases is first compressed to about 8-10 atmospheric pressure and then passed into an absorber containing dimethyl formamide. Acetylene, polymers of acetylene, some ethylene and CO2 are absorbed by the solvent and unabsorbed gases leave the absorber as overhead. These gases are used as fuel for steam boiler, combustion chamber etc. The solvant containing absorbed acetylene is first passed to a stripping column in order to remove less soluble components and then sent to a rectifying column in order to get pure (99.5%) acetylene as overhead.  (b) From Paraffin Hydrocarbons- Acetylene is also manufactured by the thermal decomposition or pyrolysis of natural gas rich in butane. The natural gas rich in butane is diluted with steam and then pyrolysed in a furnace at about 1300°C under atmospheric pressure for a contact period of 0.03 second.              Synthesis gas (CO + H2) is obtained as a byproduct. The thermal decomposition is carried out in a furnace which essentially consists of a rectangular steel box filled with refractory brick check work. The furnace works on regenerative principle of heat economy and operates on a four minute cycle. The checkwork in the furnace is initially heated for one minute by burning gaseous fuels in it and then natural gas diluted with steam is pyrolysed for one minute. This operation is then repeated in the opposite direction.  The natural gas rich in butane is first diluted with steam (1 : 8) and then pumped in the furnace by making use of large vacuum pump. They are then subjected to thermal decomposition at about 1300°C under atmospheric pressure for a contact period of 0.03 seconds. The pyrolysed gaseous mixture which leaves the furnace at about 300-325°C is quickly quenched in a tar trap, where steam and various tars are removed. The resulting gases are compressed and then passed through an electrical precipitator to make them free from adhering tar. The purified compressed gaseous mixture is then passed into an absorber containing dimethyl formamide solvent. Acetylene is absorbed by the solvent and then recovered by the method similar to that described earlier. The yield varies from 30-50 percent, depending upon the hydrocarbon feed or amount of butane in the natural gas. Uses of Acetylene  It is used in the preparation of acetalaldehyde,  acetic acid, peracetic acid, vinyl chloride, trichloroethane, tetra chloro ethane, penta chloro ethane, ethylene chloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloro ethylene, vinyl acetate, methyl vinyl ether, butadiene etc. Important Points  • Alkynes are slightly soluble in water, but relatively more soluble than corresponding alkanes and alkenes.  • Alkynes burn with a luminous flame and form an explosive mixture with air or oxygen.  • Alkynes are readily reduced to alkenes on catalytic hydrogenation, preferably with a poisoned catalyst or with sodium in liquid ammonia. Further reduction gives paraffins or alkanes.  • Alkynes are generally less reactive than alkenes. Thus a halogen adds up to the double bond in preference to a triple bond.  • The addition of halogen halides to acetylene is generally carried out in gas phase or in a solvent with mercuric chloride or cuprous chloride as a catalyst. Vinyl chloride which is polymerised to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is manufactured from dry acetylene and hydrogen chloride at 160-250°C in the pres-ence of mercuric chloride as catalyst.      • Chloroprene for the synthetic rubber neoprene is commercially prepared from vinylacetylene, CH2 = CH.C º CH, and hydrochloric acid.     • Pure acetylene under ordinary pressure is passed into 20% H2SO4 containing 1% HgSO4 at 70-100°C to obtain acetaldehyde, which can be reduced to ethyl alcohol or oxidised to acetic acid, the two very important industrial chemicals.     • Acetone can also be prepared by passing steam and acetylene over zinc oxide-ferric oxide catalyst at 470°C.    2CH º CH + 3H2O ® CH3COCH3 + CO2 + 2H2  • Vinyl acetate is manufactured from acetylene and acetic acid in vapour phase at (175-200°C) in presence of zinc acetate, and polymerised to polyvinyl acetate (PVA), a plastic resistant to chemicals.      • Propyne yields an acetate with acetic acid and an ether with ethyl alcohol.      • Vinyl ethers can be manufactured by reacting acetylene (diluted with N2) with an alcohol under 15 atmospheres at 160-175°C in presence of caustic potash. They are then polymerised into plastics, used in the textile and lacquer industries.      • Alkynes combine with CO and water in the presence of nickel carbonyl at moderate temperatures and unsaturated acids are formed. If water is replaced by an alcohol, an ester is formed. Various acrylic acids and their esters are thus prepared commercially for acrylic plastics.      • When acetylene is passed into a concentrated solution of cuprous chloride and ammonium chloride, containing a little dilute HC1, at 50-75°C, a dimer vinyl acetylene is formed. It reacts with HC1 at 160°C in the presence of cuprous chloride to yield chloroprene, which polymerises to neoprene, a synthetic rubber.  • Benzene is formed if acetylene is passed through a red hot glass tube at about 500°C. Acetylene in benzene solution under 15 atmospheres and in the presence of triphenyl phosphene-nickel carbonyl catalyst, forms benzene in 88% yield.      • Methyl acetylene forms symmetrical trimethyl benzene or mesitylene in presence of sulphuric acid.      • Commercially, acetylene can be obtained by the pyrolysis of natural gas (rich in butane), which is diluted with steam at about 1300°C under atmospheric pressure for a contact period of 0.03 seconds. Synthesis gas (CO + 2H2) is a byproduct. The pyrolysis of coke oven gas also yields acetylene.      • Partial oxidation of natural gas or propane with pure oxygen at about 1500°C for a contact period of 0.001 to 0.01 second gives acetylene. The temperature is gradually increased and the reaction products are quickly quenched with water jets. Synthesis gas is the major product. The outcoming gas contains 8-10% acetylene. 99.5% pure acetylene is obtained by extraction with a suitable solvent.    2 CH4 ® HC º CH + 3H2  • Acetylene and hydrocyanic acid gas (10 : 1) are passed into cuprous chloride solution in dilute HCl at 70°C under atmospheric pressure to obtain acrylonitrile, which is used in the manufacture of acrylic fibres (orlon), nitrile rubber etc.    CH º CH + HCN ® CH2 = CHCN (Acrylonitrile, 80% yield)  • Acetylene reacts with formaldehyde (or other aldehydes and ketones) in presence of copper acetylide catalyst to form an alkyne diol, which can then be converted to butane -1, 4-diol by catalytic hydro-genation and then into 1, 3-butadiene by dehydration.             Content   1 Acetylene (C2H2) 1 Uses of Acetylene 4 Important Points 4 2 Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) 8 3 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) 11 4 Ammonium Nitrate 13 Properties 13 Raw Materials 13 Method of Production 13 Production Economics 16 Physical Condition 16 Important Points 17 5 Ammonium Sulphate 20 Properties 20 Manufacture (Byproduct) 21 Synthetic Manufacture 21 Ammonium Sulphate from Gypsum or Anhydrite (CaSO4.2H2O) 22 Action of (NH4)2SO4 as fertilizer 22 6 Ammonium Phosphate 24 (a) Mono Ammonium Phosphate 24 (b) Diammonium Phosphate 24 Other Phosphates 25 7 Alkyd Resins and Plastics 27 8 Alcohol Beverages 30 Manufacture of Beer 32 Formation of Wort 32 Fermentation of Wort 33 Manufacture of Spirit 34 Manufacture of Wines 35 Manufacture of Vinegar 36 Manufacture of Power Alcohol 38 Ethyl Alcohol from Molasses 38 Preparation of Wash 38 Diatillation 40 Alcohol from Waste Suphite Liquor 40 Manufacture from Starchy Materials 41 Manufacture from Cellulose Materials 44 Manufacture from Hydrocarbon Gases 45 Importance of Power Alcohol as Fuel 45 9 Alum 46 Introduction 46 Raw Material Requirements 46 Reactions 46 Process of Manufacture 47 Uses 47 Miscellaneous 48 (a) Properties 48 (b) Grades 48 (c) Containers 48 Plant & Machinery 48 Market Potential 48 Plant Economics 48 Analytical testing of Ammonium Alum 49 Determination of Ammonium Alum Constent [Al2(SO4)3(NH4) 2SO4.24H2O] 49 General 49 EDTA Method 49 Reagents 49 Procedure 49 Calculation 50 Gravimetric Method 50 Laboratory Testing of Aluminium Sulphate 50 Volumetric Determination of Combined Aluminium in Aluminium Sulphate 50 Introduction 50 Procedure 50 10 Anionic Detergents 52 Soaps 56 11 Adhesives 59 Introduction 59 The Process of Bonding 61 Classification of Adhesives 63 Preparation of Adhesives 69 Animal Glue 69 Other Protein Adhesives 70 Starch Adhesives 70 Synthetic Resin Adhesives 72 Rubber Based Adhesives 73 Cellulose and Silicate Adhesives 74 Uses of Adhesives 74 12 Ascorbic Acid or Vitamin C 75 Occurrence 75 Isolation 75 Absorption, Storage and Excretion 76 Disease Caused By Deficiency 76 Requirements 76 Structure 77 13 Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) 78 Properties 78 Preparation 78 Manufacture of Alumina 78 Electrolysis of Alumina 79 14 Aluminium Sulphate from Bauxite 81 Process 81 Uses 82 Properties 83 Alums 83 Chrome Alum 84 15 Aluminium Chloride 85 From Aluminium Metal and Chlorine 85 Process 85 Reaction 85 Uses 86 Properties 86 16 Bio Gas Or Gobar Gas 87 Details of the Plant Used 88 Plant Operation 91 More Efficient Biogas Plants 91 17 Bleaching Powder 94 18 Barium and Its Compounds 95 Introduction 95 Benefication of Barytes 96 Manufacture of Barium Compounds 97 Feed preparation for reduction furnace 99 Reduction process operation 100 Conversion 102 Barium Compounds 102 Barium Carbonate 102 Sources of carbon dioxide 105 Solid waste management 105 Barium Chloride 105 Manufacture from black ash 106 Safety, quality and packing 107 Manufacture from Solid Waste Generated in BaCO3 Unit 107 By-product recovery 108 Safety precautions 109 Properties of barium chloride 109 Barium Nitrate 110 Safety, quality packing 110 Uses 111 Barium Ferrite 111 Blanc Fixe or Precipitated Barium Sulphate 112 From fresh BaS solution and iron free good quality sodium sulphate (preferably from rayon process) 112 From BaS liquor and 70% sulphuric acid 112 From BaCl2 solution and sulphuric acid (90-98%) 112 Barium Hydroxide 113 From barium chloride by reaction with caustic alkali 114 Barium Stearate 114 Barium Chromate 114 19 Caffeine (C8H10N4O2.H2O) 116 From Tea Waste 116 Raw Materials Requirements 116 Process 116 Properties 117 Purity 118 Reagents and Apparatus 118 Standardization 118 Procedure A : (Potentiometric) 118 Calculations 118 Procedure B: (Indicator) 119 Procedure C 119 Calculation 119 Economic Aspects 119 20 Ceramics 120 Other Ingredients 123 Manufacturing Process 123 Grinding of Raw Material 123 Mixing or Preparation of Bodies 124 Body Preparation using Clay in Plastic State 125 Body Preparation using Dry Clay 125 Body Preparation using Clay Slip 126 Filtering 126 Kneading 126 Jollying 127 Slit Casting 128 Pressing 128 Extrusion 128 Turning 129 Drying 129 Types of Dryers 129 Firing 131 Glazing 132 Frits 134 Decoration 134 Applications of Colours to Pottery 135 Porcelain and China 137 Raw Materials 138 Manufacture 140 Earthenwares and Stonewares 141 Important Points 141 21 Cement 145 Cement Rock Benefication 147 Manufacture 147 Reactions in the Kiln 150 Mixing of Additives to Cement 155 Important Points 161 22 Caustic Soda 162 Common Salt 163 Method of Manufacture 163 Caustic Soda 166 Cells Used 166 Diaphragm Cells 166 Porous Diaphragm Cells–Nelson Cell 167 Hooker Cell 168 The Dow Cell 168 Diamond Cell 169 Vorce Cells 169 Manufacture of Caustic Soda and Chlorine by Using Diaphragm Cells 169 Physico-chemical Principles 172 23 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 179 By Lime Carbonation Process 179 Reaction 179 Raw Material Requirements 180 Process 180 Purity 182 Determination of Calcium Carbonate 182 Standard Disodium Ethylenediamino Tetra-Acetate (EDTA) Solution 184 Economic Aspects 185 24 Cationic Detergents 186 25 Calcium Carbide 193 26 Copper Sulphate 197 From Copper and Sulphuric Acid 197 Process 197 Reaction 197 Properties 197 Uses 198 27 Citric Acid (CH2COOH HO—C —COOH CH2COOH) 199 From Molasses by Fermentation 199 Reaction 199 Process 199 By Submerged Fermentation 201 Properties 201 Grades 202 Containers and Regulations 202 Purity 202 Citric Acid 202 Procedure 202 Economic Aspects 202 28 Carbon Black 204 Manufacture 205 Carbon black manufacturing processes 207 Uses 208 29 Dicalcium Phosphate 210 Physical Properties 210 Grades 210 Containers and Regulations 210 Purity 211 Method 211 Reagents 211 Procedure 211 Calculation 213 Economic Aspect 214 30 Ethyl Alcohol 215 Introduction 215 Properties 215 Uses and Applications 215 Industrial Prospect 215 Manufacturing Process (From Molasses by Fermentation) 215 Reaction 216 Material Requirements and Utility 217 List of Plant and Machinery 217 31 Ethanol or C2H5OH or Industrial Alcohol 218 Important Points 221 32 Fuels 226 Criterion of Selection of Fuel 227 Properties of Fuels 228 Methods for Processing Various Fuels 234 Fossil Fuels 235 Solid Fuels 236 Natural Solid Fuels 237 Artificial Solid Fuels 242 Industrial Solid Fuels 243 Formation of Coal 244 Properties of Coal 245 Classification of Coal 246 Cooking and Non-Cooking Coals 247 Pulverised Coal 247 Role of Sulphur and Ash in Coal 249 Advantages of Solid Fuels over Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 250 Disadvantages of Solid Fuels over Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 250 Composition of Coal 251 Analysis of Coal 251 Proximate Analysis 251 Calculations 253 Ultimate Analysis 254 Calculation 254 Calorific Value 256 Chemical Processing of Solid Fuels 258 The High and Low Temperature Carbonisation of Coal 265 33 Hydrogen Peroxide 266 Uses 268 34 Hydrochloric Acid 269 35 Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O) 272 From Magnesium Carbonate 272 Reaction 272 Raw Material Requirements 272 Process 273 Properties 273 Grades 273 Containers 273 Purity 273 Determination of Magnesium Sulphate 273 Reagents 273 Procedure 274 Calculation 274 Economic Aspects 274 36 Nitric Acid 275 Methods of Manufacture 275 From Chile Saltpetre 276 Birkland and Eyde Process: Arc Process 276 Physico-Chemical Principles 277 Effect of Temperature 277 Concentration of NO 278 Effect of Pressure 279 Effect of Concentration 280 Effect of Catalysts 280 37 Oxalic Acid 281 From Sodium Formate 281 Reaction 281 Material requirements 282 Process 282 From Carbohydrates 283 Reaction 283 Material Requirements 283 Process 283 Properties 285 Grades 285 Containers 286 Purity 286 Determination of Oxalic Acid Content 286 Reagents 286 Procedure 286 Calculation 286 Economic Aspects 286 38 Paraffin Wax 288 From Slack Wax (Acid Treatment) 288 Raw Material Requirements 288 Process 289 Sweating Process 289 Solvent Process 290 Properties 291 Grades 291 Containers 291 Purity 291 Economic Aspects 292 39 Phosphoric Acid 293 From Phosphate Rock by Electric Furnace Process 293 Reactions 294 Reaction 295 Process 295 Wet Process 296 Other phosphorus- containing acids 298 Raw Material 299 Uses 299 Properties 299 40 Phenol (C6H5OH) 301 41 Preparation of MgO from Dolomite 305 Carbo-Thermal Process 307 Silico-Thermal of Pidgeon Process 307 Uses 308 42 Potassium Permanganate 309 Preparation of K2MnO4 309 Preparation of KMnO4 310 In Acid Medium 310 In Neutral Medium 311 Uses 311 43 Stearic Acid (C17H35COOH) 313 From Fat by Twitchell Process and Pressing 313 Reaction (Generalised) 313 Material and Utility Requirements (Typical) 314 Process 314 From Fat by Continuous High Pressure Splitting and Solvent Crystallization 315 Reaction 316 Material and Utility Requirements (Typical) 316 Process 316 From Fatty Oils by Hydrogenation 317 Fractional Distillation 317 Properties 317 Grades 318 Containers 318 Oleic Acid 318 Grades 318 Containers 318 Purity 318 Outline of the Method 318 Apparatus 318 Reagents 319 Procedure 319 Calculation 319 Determination of Iodine Value (Wijs) 320 Reagents 320 Procedure 320 Procedure 322 Calculation 323 Economic Aspects 323 44 Sulphuric Acid 325 History 326 Properties 327 Grades of Acids 328 Manufacture 328 Similarities between the Processes 329 Chamber Process 329 Theory 329 Chamber Process Equipment 330 Reactions 337 Movement of Gases 340 Purification of the Acid 340 Concentration of the Chamber Acid 341 Contact Process 342 Theory 342 Burners 344 Treatment of the Burner Gas 345 Purification of Unit 345 Contact Furnace - Preheater and Converter 347 Sulphur Trioxide Absorbers 349 Oleum Manufacture 350 Physico Chemical Principles Involved in the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid by Chamber Process and Contact Process 351 Sulfan 361 45 Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid 362 Sulphur 362 Occurrence 362 Mining of Sulphur 362 Sicilian Process 362 Purification or Refining of Sulphur 364 Lousiana or Frasch Process 364 Recovery of Sulphur 365 46 Soda Ash 372 Leblanc Process 372 Solvay’s Ammonia Soda Process 374 Technical Points 378 Important Points 379 Dual Process 381 Choice of Process 383 47 Sodium Hypochlorite 384 Uses 385 48 Sodium Chlorate 386 49 Sodium Chromate 388 From Chromite Ore 388 Process 388 Reaction 389 Properties 390 Uses 390 50 Sodium Phosphates 391 Process 391 Reaction 392 Uses 394 Properties 394 Monosodtum phosphate 394 Disodium phosphate 394 Trisodium phosphate 394 Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 395 Sodium acid pyrophosphate 395 Sodium metaphosphate 395 Sodium tripolyphosphate 395 51 Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) 396 Manufacture 396 Process 396 From saturated brine by open pan (Gralner) process 398 Process 398 From Rock Salt by Mining 399 From Sea Water by Solar Evaporation 399 Other Processes 400 Uses 400 Properties 400 52 Sodium Thiosulphate (HYPO) 401 From Soda Ash and Sulphur Dioxide 401 Process 401 Reaction 402 From Sodium Sulphite and Sulphur 402 From By-Product Sodium Sulphide 402 From By-product of Sulphur-Dye Manufacture 402 Uses 402 Properties 402 53 Sodium Silicate 403 From Sodium Carbonate and Silica (Sand) 403 Process 403 Reaction 404 Use 405 Properties 405 Sodium tetrasilicate 405 Sodium disilicate 405 Sodium metasilicate 405 Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate 406 Sodium metasilicate nonahydrate 406 Sodium sesquisilicate 406 Sodium orthosilicate 406 54 Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) 407 Manufacture 407 From sodium carbonate (soda ash) 407 Reaction 407 Process 407 Uses 408 Properties 408 55 Superphosphate 409 56 Some Small Scale Units 414 (1) Safety Matches 414 (2) Agarbattis 416 (3) Napthalene Balls 416 (4) Wax Candles 417 (5) Shoe Polish 417 Other Precautions 418 (6) Gum Paste 418 (7) Writing / Fountain Pen Ink 419 (8) Chalk Crayons 420 (9) Plaster of Paris 421 (10) Silicon Carbide Crucibles 421 57 Tartaric Acid 423 Introduction 423 Raw Material Requirements 423 Reaction 423 Process 423 Properties 425 Grades 425 Containers 425 Uses of Tartaric Acid 425 Plant Economics 425 Analytical Testing 426 Determination of Tartaric Acid (C4H6O6) Content 426 Reagents 426 Procedure 426 Calculation 426 Market Potential 426 58 Titanium Dioxide 427 Manufacture 427 Modern Chlorine Method 429 Physical Properties of TiO2 Pigment 429 Anatase Variety  429 Characteristics of the Pigment 430 Uses 430 59 Tri-Sodium Phosphate 431 Introduction 431 Properties 431 Uses 431 Scope 432 Manufacturing Process 432 Laboratory Testing 433 Determination of Phosphate Content 433 Reagents 433 Citro-Molybdatc Reagent 434 Procedure 434 Calculation 435 60 Ultramarine Blue 436 Uses 437 61 Zinc Oxide 438 Manufacture 438 The French Process 438 The Electrothermic Process 441 Calamine Method 442 Physical Properties of Zinc Oxide Pigment 442 Characteristics of the Pigment 442 Uses 442 62 Plant Economics of Acetylene Gas and Oxygen Gas (Integrated Unit) 443 63 Plant Economics of Ammonium Nitrate 446 64 Plant Economics of Ammonium Sulphate 448 65 Plant Economics of Alkyd Resins 450 66 Plant Economics of Alcoholic Beverages and Vinegar from Coconut Water 453 67 Plant Economics Of Adhesive [Fevicol Type] 456 68 Plant Economics of Aluminium Chloride 458 69 Plant Economics of Alumina Ceramics 460 70 Plant Economics of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk 462 71 Plant Economics of Beer Industry & Alcoholic Beverages 464 72 Plant Economics of Bleaching Powder 468 73 Plant Economics of Barium Compounds 470 74 Plant Economics of Caffeine from Tea Waste 472 75 Plant Economics of Ceramic Glazed Tiles 475 76 Plant Economics of Caustic Soda By Soda Lime Process 477 77 Plant Economics of Calcium Carbonate (Precipitated) 480 78 Plant Economics of Detergent (Anionic) 482 79 Plant Economics of Dicalcium Phosphate From Rock Phosphate 484 80 Plant Economics of Ethyl Alcohol From Molasses 486 81 Plant Economics of Ethanol (Biofuel) From Molasses 489 82 Plant Economics of Flavoured Alcoholic Drinks 492 83 Plant Economics of Ferric Alum Various Grades 494 84 Plant Economics of Glacial Acetic Acid 496 85 Plant Economics of Glue & Adhesive 498 86 Plant Economics of Leather Adhesives 500 87 Plant Economics of Mini Cement Plant 502 88 Plant Economics of Non Ferric Alum 504 89 Plant Economics of Refractories With Ceramics 506 90 Plant Economics of Starch & Dextrin Based Adhesive 509 91 Plant Economics of Sulphuric Acid 511 92 Plant Economics of Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) 513 93 Plant Economics of Sodium Silicate By Soda Ash & Silica Sand 515 94 Plant Economics of Zinc Oxide 517 95 Suppliers of Plant and Machineries 519 96 Suppliers of Raw Materials 535