Industry Overview
Adhesives are materials used to permanently or temporarily join two surfaces. Effective adhesives must wet the surfaces, adhere to them, develop sufficient strength after application, and remain stable throughout the required service life. Adhesion is a specific interfacial phenomenon explained through adsorption, electrical, and diffusion theories, all of which may contribute to adhesive performance. Proper surface preparation is also critical to achieving a reliable bond.
Adhesives are manufactured from a wide range of natural and synthetic polymeric materials and are classified according to their chemical reaction or curing mechanism. They can replace or supplement conventional joining methods such as welding, riveting, bolting, and screwing, while offering advantages including weight reduction, improved stress distribution, faster assembly, and improved aesthetics.
Adhesive bonding is used across industries including aerospace, automobiles, electronics, construction, dentistry, and surgery. Adhesion also plays an important role in coatings, paints, varnishes, polymer blends, filled polymers, and composite materials. In India, Fevicol, launched in 1959 and marketed by Pidilite, became strongly associated with the adhesive category, initially serving woodworking applications and later expanding into flooring, footwear, upholstery, and other uses. The report also examines adhesive raw materials, PVA-type adhesives, manufacturing through emulsion polymerization, market trends, testing standards, suppliers, machinery, and branding strategy.
Cost Estimation
| Plant Capacity | 0.8 MT/Day |
|---|---|
| Land & Building (400 sq.mt.) | US$ 2.34 Lac |
| Plant & Machinery | US$ 26.00 Th. |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | US$ 44.70 Th. |
| Total Capital Investment | US$ 3.24 Lac |
| Rate of Return | 49% |
| Break Even Point | 44% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- THEORY OF ADHESION
- ADHESION THEORY
- ADSORPTION THEORY
- ELECTRICAL THEORY
- DIFFUSION THEORY
- PRACTICAL VIEW-POINT
- ADHESIVE RAW MATERIAL TYPES
- NATURAL STARCH AND DEXTRIN
- GELATINE (ANIMAL, FISH, VEGETABLE GLUES)
- ASPHALT AND BITUMEN
- NATURAL RUBBER
- SEMI-SYNTHETIC CELLULOSIC
- SYNTHETIC VINYLS
- ACRYLICS
- REACTIVE ACRYLIC BASES
- SYNTHETIC RUBBERS
- ALDEHYDE CONDENSATION RESINS
- AMINE BASE RESINS
- POLYESTER RESIN
- POLYOLEFIN POLYMERS
- INORGANIC
- PHOSPHATE CEMENTS
- HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
- MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTS
- ADHESIVE TYPES
- CHEMICAL REACTIVE TYPES
- MOISTURE
- HEAT
- THERMOPLASTIC TYPE
- EVAPORATION OR DIFFUSION TYPES
- SOLVENT BASED SYSTEMS
- WATER BASED SYSTEMS
- FACTORS INFLUENCING ADHESIVE SELECTION
- POINTS TO CONSIDER:
- SUBSTRATE MATERIAL
- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS STRENGTH, RIGIDITY, ETC.
- PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE, E.G. CONTAMINATION, SURFACE TENSION
- SURFACE TREATMENT OF THE SUBSTRATES
- THERMAL STABILITY
- RESISTANCE TO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL LOADS
- SIZE AND GEOMETRY OF THE BONDING AREA
- HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
- POTENTIAL HAZARD REPRESENTED BY THE ADHESIVE & AUXILIARY MATERIALS
- POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE ADHESIVES REPRESENTING A LOWER HAZARD
- PROTECTIVE MEASURES
- STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
- MINIMIZATION OF WASTE, WASTE DISPOSAL
- STATUTORY REGULATIONS
- PROCESS MANAGEMENT:
- PROCESS INTEGRATION, CYCLE TIME, NUMBER OF PIECES
- SURFACE TREATMENT
- REQUIRED VISCOSITY AND FLOW PROPERTIES OF THE ADHESIVE
- APPLICATION METHOD (BEAD, FILM, SPOTS)
- PROCESS PARAMETERS: TIME, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, ETC.
- SECURING/POSITIONING, HYBRID JOINING
- CURING, HAND STRENGTH
- COMPONENT TOLERANCES (ALLOWABLE MARGINS)
- QUALITY ASSURANCE:
- MONITORING OF RECEIVED GOODS
- STORAGE CONDITIONS
- IN-LINE MONITORING, TEST METHODS
- QA MEASURES FOR PRODUCTION STEPS
- IN-SERVICE MONITORING
- STRESS/LOADS:
- THERMAL LOADS (TEMPERATURE, DURATION & RAPID TEMPERATURE CHANGES)
- EXPOSURE TO MEDIA SUCH AS CLEANING AGENTS, SOLVENTS AND OTHER CHEMICALS (E.G. COOLANTS)
- EFFECT OF MOISTURE
- RADIATION (E.G. UV RADIATION)
- LONG-TERM STABILITY:
- DEFINITION OF THE DESIRED SERVICE LIFE OF THE PRODUCT
- SPECIFICATION AND EXECUTION OF SUITABLE AGEING TESTS WHICH OPTIMALLY SIMULATE REAL AGEING PROCESSES.
- SURFACE PREPARATION
- METAL SURFACES
- WOOD SURFACES
- OTHER NON-METAL SURFACES
- ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
- ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF ADHESIVES - ADHESIVE ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS OF ADHESIVES:-
- FEVICOL TYPE ADHESIVE – PVA
- CHARACTERISTICS OF ADHESIVE MATERIALS
- PROPERTIES
- THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- PROPERTY
- MELTING POINT: 60°C
- BOILING POINT: 70-150 °C
- FLASH POINT: >100℃
- STORAGE TEMP. 2-8°C
- SOLUBILITY:- KETONES, ETHERS AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: SOLUBLE
- FORM : PELLETS
- COLOR : CLEAR
- PH : 3.0-5.5
- REACTIONS
- USES & APPLICATION
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS
- EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
- TYPES OF EMULSION POLYMERIZATION PROCESS
- EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- BRANDING STRATEGY
- FEVICOL ADOPTED A TWIN APPROACH OF
- CONNECTING WITH THE CORE SEGMENT – THE CARPENTERS
- WINNING HEARTS THROUGH HUMOUR
- MARKET SURVEY
- SYNTHETIC LATEX POLYMERS MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- POLYVINYL ACETATE MARKET TRENDS, DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS:
- THE FOLLOWING PIE CHART SHOWS WORLD CONSUMPTION OF POLYVINYL ACETATE:
- GLOBAL MARKET:-
- APPLICATION INSIGHTS
- REGIONAL INSIGHTS
- VINYL ACETATE MONOMER (VAM) MARKET SHARE INSIGHTS
- ADHESIVES STRENGTH TESTING
- LIST OF ADHESIVE STANDARDS DEVELOPED BY ASTM
- ADHESIVE MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
- ADHESIVES FOR PLASTICS
- CONSTRUCTION ADHESIVES
- METAL BONDING ADHESIVES
- WOOD ADHESIVES
- WORKING PROPERTIES
- RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
- ETHYLENE
- OXYGEN
- ACETIC ACID
- MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
- AMBICA BOILER & FABRICATOR
- RAW MATERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
- ETHYLENE
- ACETIC ACID
- MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS
- REACTION KETTLE OF STAINLESS STEEL CONSTRUCTION
- REFLUX TYPE CONDENSER
- M.S. TANK FOR MONOMER
- S.S. TANK
- OIL FIRED STEAM MINI BOILER
- MOTORS & PUMPS
- PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPHS
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
An effective adhesive must wet the surfaces, adhere to them, develop strength, and remain stable. Wetting allows the adhesive to flow across the surfaces and displace air and contaminants. It must then establish adhesion and become sufficiently tacky to remain in position. After application, the adhesive needs to develop the required strength while retaining adhesion. Finally, it should withstand ageing and relevant environmental conditions for the intended service life of the bonded joint.
The main theories of adhesion described in the report are adsorption, electrical, and diffusion theories. Adsorption theory relates bonding to interactions between the adhesive and substrate at the interface. Electrical theory considers electrical interactions at the contact surfaces, while diffusion theory associates adhesion with molecular movement across compatible interfaces. In practical adhesive systems, more than one mechanism may contribute to bond formation, depending on the adhesive chemistry, substrate, surface condition, and application process.
Surface preparation is important because contamination and unsuitable surface conditions can reduce adhesive bonding performance. Surfaces may need cleaning, treatment, or conditioning according to the substrate and adhesive system. The report specifically considers metal, wood, and other non-metal surfaces. Surface tension, contamination, surface treatment, and the physical characteristics of the bonding area can all influence adhesive selection and final joint performance.
Adhesive bonding is used in industries including aerospace, space technology, automobile manufacturing, electronics, construction, dentistry, and surgery. It is also relevant to coatings, paints, varnishes, polymer blends, filled polymers, and composite materials. Adhesives can join dissimilar materials and may supplement or replace conventional processes such as welding, riveting, bolting, and screwing. Their ability to reduce weight, improve stress distribution, and provide an unobtrusive bond makes them useful across diverse industrial applications.
Adhesive selection should consider the substrate, mechanical requirements, surface properties, thermal stability, chemical and physical resistance, and bonding-area geometry. The application process is also important, including viscosity, flow characteristics, application method, curing conditions, positioning, tolerances, and cycle time. Health and safety, environmental protection, storage, transport, waste management, statutory requirements, and the potential hazards of the adhesive and auxiliary materials should also be evaluated before selecting a system.
Emulsion polymerization is a polymerization process used to produce polymer dispersions suitable for certain adhesive applications. The report specifically covers emulsion polymerization and the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in connection with adhesive manufacturing. Process design requires appropriate control of raw materials, reaction conditions, equipment, and product properties. The resulting adhesive must meet the required characteristics for its intended application, including suitable viscosity, flow behavior, adhesion, strength development, stability, and curing or drying performance.
Adhesive bonding can reduce weight, improve stress distribution, simplify assembly, and provide an aesthetically unobtrusive joint. Unlike some mechanical joining methods, adhesives can join dissimilar materials without necessarily damaging the components through drilling or other mechanical preparation. The report also highlights faster assembly, shorter contact times, ease of application, and the potential for more cost-effective production. However, adhesive selection, surface preparation, environmental resistance, curing, quality assurance, and long-term stability must be properly managed to achieve these benefits.
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