Industry Overview
Bromine is a deep red, fuming liquid and the only non-metallic element that is liquid at normal temperature and pressure. It belongs to Group VII of the periodic table and occurs in nature primarily in the form of bromides, dispersed through the earth's crust. Commercial bromine is obtained mainly from seawater, brines, saline mother liquors (bitterns), salt lakes, and natural deposits associated with potassium salts.
Bromine production traditionally relied on concentrated saline mother liquors remaining after crystallization of common salt. The development of chemical recovery processes, including oxidation of bromide by chlorine, enabled bromine to be recovered from seawater and other dilute sources. The Dow Chemical Co. developed a seawater bromine recovery process in 1933. Bromine subsequently gained industrial importance through applications such as photographic materials based on silver bromide and later through other chemical applications.
The report covers the sources, properties, uses, safety considerations, market overview, raw materials, BIS specifications, analytical procedures, manufacturing processes, bromine recovery technologies, plant safety, storage and transportation, equipment requirements, suppliers, and government licensing considerations for a liquid bromine manufacturing plant. It also describes steaming-out and air-blowing recovery processes, bromine generation, separation, purification, drying, condensation, and storage.
Cost Estimation
| Particular | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 4 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (6000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 3.31 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 2.60 Cr |
| Working Capital for 2 Months | Rs. 3.60 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 9.97 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 30% |
| Break Even Point | 56% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- USES, SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
- USE OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SAFETY FIRST
- PROPERTIES
- USES & APPLICATION
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
- MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
- INCREASING DEMAND FOR FLAME RETARDANTS
- CHINA TO DOMINATE THE ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET
- MAJOR PLAYERS
- RAW MATERIAL SECTION
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING:-
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- SCOPE:-
- REQUIREMENTS:-
- TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- PACKING & MARKETING:-
- PACKING:-
- MARKING:-
- SAMPLING:-
- ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- CALCULATION:
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF BROMINE:-
- THE SOLUTION SHALL BE STANDARDIZED BEFORE USE.
- PROCEDURE:-
- WHERE:
- WHERE
- DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- CALCULATION:-
- WHERE,
- DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- CALCULATION:-
- WHERE,
- TEST FOR IODINE:-
- ZINC DUST:-
- TEST FOR SULPHATES:-
- PROCEDURE:-
- SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
- LOCATION OF THE PLANT
- HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BROMINE
- BROMINE GENERATION
- BROMINE SEPARATION
- PURIFICAION AND DRYING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- BROMINE RECOVERY PLANT
- BROMINE CAN BE RECOVERED FROM TWO SOURCES
- A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
- B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
- BROMINE PROCESSES
- PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
- PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE RECOVERY
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- PROCESS IN DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
- THE FOLLOWING GENERAL SCHEME ILLUSTRATES THE
- BROMINE PRODUCTION PROCESS.
- THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
- SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION
- MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID BROMINE
- PROCESS
- THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS:-
- DOW PROCESS:-
- SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
- SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
- SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
- SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
- THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
- SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
- SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
- SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
- SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
Appendix
- APPENDIX – A:
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Bromine is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid that occurs naturally mainly as bromide compounds. It is a diatomic element with the chemical formula Br2 and is the only non-metallic element that is liquid at normal temperature. Commercially relevant bromide sources include seawater, brines, salt lakes, saline mother liquors or bitterns, and deposits associated with potassium salts. Because bromine is present in these sources in combined form and relatively low concentrations, industrial recovery requires suitable chemical and separation processes.
The principal industrial sources of bromine are seawater, brines, bitterns, salt lakes, and natural deposits associated with potassium salts. Bitterns are concentrated saline liquors remaining after sodium chloride crystallization and can be relatively rich in bromide. Seawater is another important source, although bromine occurs there in dilute concentration. Industrial recovery therefore depends on the composition of the feed source and the selected recovery technology. The report describes bromine recovery from saline sources using established processes based on oxidation and subsequent separation.
Bromine is manufactured by converting bromide in the feed liquor into elemental bromine, followed by recovery, separation, purification, and drying. The report describes bromine generation and two recovery approaches: the steaming out process, also known as the hot process, and the air blowing process, also known as the cold process. Depending on the process configuration, bromine-containing streams are subsequently subjected to operations such as condensation, separation, and purification before the liquid bromine is recovered and stored.
The main steps in a bromine recovery plant include bromine generation, recovery or stripping, condensation, separation, purification, and drying. The precise arrangement depends on the selected technology and feedstock. The report identifies steaming out and air blowing as two principal recovery methods and discusses reaction, condensation, separation, and purification operations. Process equipment must be selected to withstand the corrosive and hazardous nature of bromine-containing streams, with appropriate containment, instrumentation, ventilation, and safety systems incorporated into the plant design.
Safe containment, handling, storage, leakage response, and transportation are essential in a bromine plant because bromine is a hazardous and highly irritating substance. Plant design should provide suitable materials of construction, closed handling systems, process controls, ventilation, leak detection and emergency-response arrangements. The report specifically covers safety in bromine plants, safe handling of bromine leakage, safe storage, safe transportation, and storage-tank signage. Personnel should also be trained in operating procedures, emergency response, personal protective equipment, and applicable industrial safety requirements.
The report covers BIS specifications and analytical procedures for technical bromine, including requirements, sampling, and testing. The analytical section addresses determination of bromine, chlorine, non-volatile matter, iodine, zinc dust, and sulphates. It also includes procedures, calculations, and sampling considerations. Such quality-control testing is important for verifying product conformity and maintaining consistent product quality. Actual testing methods, acceptance criteria, sampling plans, and applicable standards should be followed according to the relevant specification and the requirements applicable to the manufacturing facility.
Equipment requirements for a liquid bromine plant include process and recovery equipment suited to bromine-containing streams, along with supporting utilities and safety systems. The report identifies heat exchangers, condensers, distillation columns, storage vessels or tanks, laboratory equipment, D.G. sets, boilers, effluent treatment plant equipment, and instrumentation and process-control equipment. Equipment selection should consider process conditions, corrosion resistance, containment, material compatibility, operating reliability, environmental controls, and safety requirements. The final equipment configuration depends on the selected bromine recovery process and plant design.
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