Industry Overview
Citric acid was first isolated from lemon juice and crystallised as a solid by Scheele in 1784. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits, pineapples, peaches, figs and other fruits and tissues. Citric acid obtained from these sources is known as natural citric acid, while fermentation-based production is referred to as fermentation citric acid. Lemons, limes and pineapples have historically been important natural sources.
Developments in citric acid manufacturing have progressed from the older shallow-pan method to submerged deep-tank fermentation. Research led by S. M. Martin and others contributed to the development of submerged production using ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses and Aspergillus niger. Further developments included mutant strains produced through ultraviolet radiation, which demonstrated improved citric acid productivity.
The report also covers lemon essential oil, which is obtained from the outer peel of lemon fruit primarily through cold pressing. Lemon oil is widely used in medicinal and food flavouring applications, bakery products and carbonated soft drinks. The report examines its properties, chemical composition, extraction methods, cultivation of lemon, quality testing, safety considerations, market position, raw materials, manufacturing processes and related plant and machinery requirements.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 1,28,197 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 17 Lac |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 10.50 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | Rs. 5.43 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 20.54 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 42% |
| Break Even Point | 46% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPERTIES
- TABLE 1. DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS AT 15OCA
- TABLE 2. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND BOILING POINT ELEVATION OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONSA
- TABLE 3. SOLUBILITY OF ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN WATERA
- TABLE 4. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AT 25OCA
- TABLE 5. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN SOME ORGANIC SOLVENTS AT 25OCA,B
- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- PARTICLE SIZE SPECIFICATIONS:-
- SHIPMENT AND STORAGE:-
- USES AND APPLICATION OF CITRIC ACID
- PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMON OIL
- OIL PROPERTIES
- ORIGIN OF LEMON OIL
- EXTRACTION
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- PRECAUTIONS
- THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES
- USES AND APPLICATION OF LEMON OIL
- USES
- LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL
- BOTANICAL
- EXTRACTION
- AROMA
- AROMATIC
- LEMON
- DESCRIPTION
- ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
- VARIETIES
- CLIMATE
- SOIL
- PROPAGATION
- CULTURE
- YIELD
- STORAGE
- PESTS AND DISEASES
- FOOD USES
- TOXICITY
- OTHER USES
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- QUALITY TESTING OF CITRIC ACID
- 1. DETERMINATION OF CITRIC ACID CONTENT
- 2. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATED ASH
- 3. TEST FOR HEAVY METALS (AS PB)
- STANDARD LEAD SOLUTION:-
- OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
- REAGENTS
- PROCEDURE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF CITRIC ACID
- CONSUMPTION OF CITRIC ACID
- EXPORT OF CITRIC ACID
- IMPORT OF CITRIC ACID
- TOP FIVE EXPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)
- TOP FIVE IMPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)
- MARKET POSITION OF CITRUS OIL AND LEMON OIL
- RAW MATERIALS
- LEMON:-
- COMPOSITION OF LEMON:-
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:-
- PREPARATION OF CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON JUICE
- USES
- SAFETY
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS
- PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON
- METHOD OF EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
- STEAM AND HYDRO DISTILLATION
- ABSOLUTES
- CO2'S AND SCO2'S
- COLD PRESSING
- THE PROCESS
- CLEANER PRODUCTION INITIATIVE
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROCESS
- PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF LEMON OIL
- WORKING PRINCIPLE OF JUICE EXTRACTION
- TECHNICAL DATA:
- PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS OR FABRICATORS
- PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS [GLOBAL]
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- LEMON
- CITRIC ACID CONSULTANTS
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
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