Industry Overview
Citric acid (C6H8O7), also known as 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid, is a naturally occurring organic acid found in plants and animals. It is one of the most versatile organic acids and is extensively used in the food industry, followed by pharmaceutical applications and numerous industrial processes. The report notes that global production is estimated at around 736000 Tons/Year, while demand continues to grow in several regions, creating opportunities for new manufacturing facilities. In Brazil, for example, demand has historically been met largely through imports.
Citric acid was first isolated and crystallized from lemon juice by Scheele in 1784. Commercial production initially relied on natural extraction from citrus fruits, particularly in Italy, which dominated the market for many years. Continued efforts to reduce production costs led to the development of microbial fermentation processes. Important milestones included the discovery of citric acid production by fungal cultures, followed by Currie's work in 1917 demonstrating the ability of Aspergillus niger to produce high concentrations of citric acid from sugar-based media. Advances in biochemical research during the 1950s further improved submerged fermentation technology, making microbial production more efficient and economically viable than chemical synthesis.
Modern commercial manufacturing primarily uses submerged fermentation with carefully selected microbial strains to achieve high productivity and consistent quality. This report proposes the establishment of a greenfield Citric Acid (Anhydrous) Powder production facility with an installed capacity of 30000 Tons/Year, utilizing established industrial fermentation technology for commercial production.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 100 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (16,725 sq.mt.) | Rs. 24.90 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 83.32 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | Rs. 17.67 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 130.42 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 38% |
| Break Even Point | 49% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- MARKET OVERVIEW
- MICRO-ORGANISM FOR CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
- STRAINS SELECTION & IMPROVEMENT
- INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID
- BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CITRIC ACID (ANHYDROUS) POWDER
- RECOVERY OF CITRIC ACID (ANHYDROUS)
- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES & RAW MATERIALS
- PRODUCTION DETAILS OF CITRIC ACID
- TECHNICALITIES IN CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
- FERMENTER DESIGN/OPERATION CONCEPTS
- PROCESSING OF CITRIC ACID FROM SUGARCANE MOLASSES
- FACTORS AFFECTING CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION
- PROPERTIES
- RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
- USES & APPLICATION OF CITRIC ACID
- SPECIFICATIONS
- QUALITY TESTING REQUIRED FOR CITRIC ACID
- QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR RAW MATERIAL
- ETP FACILITY
- SEWAGE AND WASTE WATER EFFLUENT
- WASTE GENERATION & MANAGEMENT/GREEN BELT
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
- PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
- PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
- HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
- ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
- MITIGATION MEASURES (PROPOSED)
- HSE REQUIREMENTS
- SAFETY & OCCUPATIONAL MEASURE
- PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
- PROJECT FINANCIALS
- PRELIMINARY LAYOUT
- CONCLUSIONS
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
It functions as an acidulant, preservative, flavor enhancer, pH regulator, and chelating agent. Beyond food and beverages, it is also used in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, detergents, water treatment, and various chemical processes because of its safety, biodegradability, and excellent functional properties.
Commercial citric acid is primarily produced through microbial fermentation.
Modern manufacturing uses carefully selected strains of Aspergillus niger grown in sugar-based media under controlled fermentation conditions. After fermentation, the citric acid is recovered, purified, crystallized, dried, and packaged to meet industrial and food-grade quality requirements.
Microbial fermentation is preferred because it is generally more economical and commercially proven.
Fermentation offers high product yields, consistent quality, and efficient large-scale production while using renewable raw materials. Continuous improvements in microbial strains and fermentation technology have made this approach the standard method for industrial citric acid manufacturing.
Sugar-rich feedstocks are commonly used as the primary raw materials.
Industrial production typically relies on substrates such as sugar solutions or molasses that provide the carbon source required for microbial growth and citric acid formation. The specific raw material depends on local availability, cost, and process design.
Production efficiency depends on both biological and process parameters.
Important factors include microorganism selection, nutrient composition, sugar concentration, pH, temperature, aeration, agitation, contamination control, and fermentation time. Careful optimization of these variables helps maximize yield, maintain product quality, and improve overall plant productivity.
The report proposes a greenfield Citric Acid (Anhydrous) Powder manufacturing facility.
According to the project report, the proposed plant is intended to have an installed production capacity of 30000 Tons/Year. The report also provides project cost estimates, implementation considerations, technical information, environmental aspects, and financial analysis for the proposed facility.
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