Industry Overview
Bromine is a deep red, fuming liquid and a member of the halogen group (Group VII) of the periodic table. It is liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure and occurs in nature primarily in the form of soluble and insoluble bromides dispersed throughout the earth's crust. The chief commercial source of bromine is ocean water, where the element can be recovered through chemical replacement or oxidation using more active chlorine. Bromine has also traditionally been manufactured as a byproduct from saline mother liquors, or bitterns, remaining after crystallization of major salt products.
Bromine was discovered in the early 19th century and was initially obtained from bitterns left after the evaporation of seawater and extraction of sodium chloride. It was subsequently recovered from Stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct of potassium salt production and from other deposits and salt lakes. Its early applications included bromides for medicinal purposes. Bromine later gained major industrial importance through photographic processes using silver bromide as a light-sensitive material.
Growing demand from the automobile industry also increased the importance of bromine recovery from brines. While some brines contained about 0.5% bromine, seawater contains approximately 70 ppm bromine, leading to the development of processes capable of recovering bromine from seawater.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Details |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 10 MT/Day |
| Land & Building (4000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 1.87 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 2.10 Cr |
| Working Capital for 1 Month | Rs. 3.07 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 7.35 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 48% |
| Break Even Point | 43% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPERTIES
- USES & APPLICATION
- USES AND SOURCES OF BROMINE
- SOURCES OF BROMINE
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
- BROMINE MARKET DEMAND & REVENUE
- IMPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE
- EXPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE
- RAW MATERIAL SECTION
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
- SCOPE
- REQUIREMENTS
- TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- PACKING & MARKETING
- PACKING
- MARKING
- SAMPLING
- ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- DETERMINATION OF BROMINE
- DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE
- DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER
- TEST FOR IODINE
- ZINC DUST
- TEST FOR SULPHATES
- SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
- NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
- LOCATION OF THE PLANT
- HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID BROMINE
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
- BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- BROMINE SEPARATION STEPS
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION AND DRYING
- PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS
- PROCESS IN DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
- THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
- RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
- SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
- 1. CONDENSATION
- 2. SEPARATION
- 3. PURIFICATION
- MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID BROMINE
- PROCESS DETAILS
- THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
- STEAMING OUT PROCESS
- DOW PROCESS
- SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
- SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
- SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
- SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
- THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
- RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
- SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
- SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
- SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
- SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
- SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
- SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
- GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
Appendix
- APPENDIX – A:
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Bromine is a deep red, fuming liquid belonging to the halogen group of the periodic table. It occurs naturally mainly as bromides rather than as free elemental bromine. Commercial sources include seawater, saline mother liquors or bitterns produced during salt crystallization, brines, salt lakes, and certain mineral deposits. The report identifies ocean water as a major commercial source and describes chemical oxidation using chlorine as an important method for releasing bromine from bromide-containing solutions.
Liquid bromine is commonly produced by oxidizing bromide-containing feed solutions and subsequently separating and purifying the liberated bromine. The report describes a bromine-generating step followed by condensation, separation, purification, and drying. It also discusses steaming-out and Dow processes, process improvements, reaction-tower side reactions, and detailed production operations. The exact process configuration depends on the characteristics of the bromine-containing feed, plant design, equipment selection, and required product quality.
Bromine and bromine compounds have applications across several industrial and chemical sectors. Historically, bromides were used for medicinal purposes, while silver bromide became important in photographic materials because of its light sensitivity. Modern bromine chemistry also supports applications involving specialized chemicals and industrial processes. The specific end uses depend on the bromine compound or formulation involved rather than elemental bromine alone. A commercial project therefore needs to consider product specifications, handling requirements, market demand, and applicable standards.
The main separation and purification sequence includes condensation, separation, and purification or drying. After bromine is generated from a bromide-containing solution, the bromine-bearing vapour or stream is processed so that bromine can be condensed and separated from associated materials. Further purification and drying are used to achieve the required product quality. Plant design may incorporate heat exchangers, condensers, separation equipment, distillation equipment, storage vessels, instrumentation, and process-control systems according to the selected manufacturing process.
Safety is critical in a bromine plant because elemental bromine is a corrosive and hazardous chemical requiring controlled handling. A properly designed facility should address prevention and response to leakage, safe storage, transportation, equipment compatibility, ventilation, process containment, monitoring, and emergency procedures. The report specifically includes sections on bromine leakage, storage, transportation, plant safety, and materials of construction for chlorine handling. Detailed engineering should follow applicable chemical safety requirements, operating procedures, emergency planning, and regulatory provisions.
A liquid bromine plant requires process equipment selected according to the manufacturing route, feed characteristics, capacity, and product specifications. Equipment categories identified in the report include heat exchangers, condensers, distillation columns, storage vessels or tanks, laboratory equipment, boilers, D.G. sets, instrumentation and process-control equipment, and an effluent treatment plant. Raw-material supply and equipment specifications should be established during detailed engineering, with attention to chemical compatibility, corrosion resistance, process containment, operating conditions, safety systems, and applicable technical standards.
Technical bromine quality control can involve product requirements, sampling, chemical analysis, and specified impurity tests. The report includes sections covering B.I.S. specifications, requirements for technical bromine, sampling procedures, determination of bromine and chlorine, non-volatile matter, iodine testing, zinc dust, and sulphates. These analytical procedures help assess product conformity with the applicable specification. Actual testing and acceptance criteria should be established from the relevant standard and the intended product grade, together with appropriate laboratory procedures and quality-control practices.
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