Industry Overview
Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid with a boiling point of -297.3°F (-183.0°C), requiring specialized insulation, handling, storage, and supply systems because of its extremely low temperature. Although oxygen is primarily used in gaseous form, storing it as a liquid offers advantages in terms of storage volume and cost compared with equivalent high-pressure gaseous storage.
A typical liquid oxygen storage system comprises a cryogenic storage tank, vaporizers, a pressure control system, and associated piping for filling, vaporization, and supply. Cryogenic tanks are designed on the thermos principle, using an inner vessel and an outer vessel separated by an evacuated annular space to minimize heat transfer. Vaporizers convert liquid oxygen into gas, while pressure control manifolds regulate the supply pressure.
The report covers the properties, grades, hazards, applications, specifications, market overview, raw materials, safety and storage practices, manufacturing processes, process flow, plant and machinery, testing equipment, non-cryogenic oxygen-generation technologies, plant layout principles, project implementation schedules, and suppliers. It also addresses oxygen use across industries including metal processing, chemical and petrochemical industries, oil and gas, glass manufacturing, waste management, fish farming, and other applications.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 1000 Cylinder/Day |
| Land & Building (1000 sq.mt.) | Rs. 69 Lac |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 1.90 Cr |
| Working Capital for 2 Months | Rs. 83 Lac |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 4.27 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 39% |
| Break Even Point | 63% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- HEALTH EFFECTS
- PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- OXYGEN IS COLOURLESS, ODORLESS AND TASTELESS.
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN
- BOILING POINT
- CRITICAL POINT
- LIQUID
- SOLUBILITY, ML O2 AT STP PER ML H2O
- GRADES OF OXYGEN
- HAZARD
- LIQUID OXYGEN
- CONTAINERS
- USES & APPLICATIONS
- CHEMICALS
- EXPLOSIVES
- OTHER USES
- METAL GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING
- METAL INDUSTRY
- CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
- OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
- FISH FARMING
- GLASS INDUSTRY
- WASTE MANAGEMENT
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
- INDIAN STANDARDS:
- SPECIFICATION OF OXYGEN GAS
- GRADE A
- GRADES B AND C
- COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, OXYGEN COMMODITY SPECIFICATIONS
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF OXYGEN
- MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF OXYGEN
- RAW MATERIALS
- SAFETY, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF LIQUID OXYGEN
- CONTAINERS
- SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
- HANDLING AND STORAGE
- PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID OXYGEN
- LIQUID OXYGEN:-
- SHIPPING METHODS OF OXYGEN:-
- CONTAINER'S AND REGULATION:-
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- ADSORPTION AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR OXYGEN GEREELANCE
- ADSORPTION PRINCIPLE
- TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE INFLUENCE
- PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
- ADSORPTION OXYGEN PLANTS
- MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
- INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TODAY
- MEMBRANE OPERATION PRINCIPLE
- MEMBRANE CARTRIDGE
- COMPRESSOR AND VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES
- PROCESS IN DETAILS
- PRETREATING
- SEPARATING
- PURIFYING
- DISTRIBUTING
- MANUFAFACTURING PROCESS OF OXYGEN GAS CYLINDER
- PLANT AND MACHINERY REQUIRED
- TESTING EQUIPMENT
- MANUFACTURE OF OXYGEN FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM
- METHOD
- NON CRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION PROCESSES FOR OXYGEN
- NITROGEN OR OXYGEN GENERATION USING PRESSURE SWING
- ADSORPTION (PSA)
- OXYGEN BY VACUUM-PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
- VPSA, VSA OR PVSA
- NITROGEN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
- PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
- MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE
- SERVICE ARE:
- PRIMARY FACTORS
- 1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
- 2. MARKETS:
- 3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
- 4. WATER SUPPLY:
- 5. CLIMATE:
- 6. TRANSPORTATION:
- 7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
- 8. LABOR:
- 9. REGULATORY LAWS:
- 10. TAXES:
- 11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
- 12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
- 13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
- 14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
- EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
- 1. DEPRECIATION:
- 2. FIXED ASSETS:
- 3. WORKING CAPITAL:
- 4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
- 5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
- 6. MARGIN MONEY:
- 7. TOTAL LOAD:
- 8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
- INTRODUCTION
- PROJECT HANDLING
- PROJECT SCHEDULING
- PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
- TIME SCHEDULE
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL
- SUPPLIERS OF EMPTY CYLINDER
- SUPPLIERS OF LUBRICATING OIL
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic form of oxygen maintained at extremely low temperatures. The report identifies its boiling point as -297.3°F (-183.0°C). Because of its low temperature, liquid oxygen requires specialized insulated storage tanks, vaporizers, pressure control systems, and suitable piping. Although oxygen is commonly used as a gas, storing it as a liquid can reduce storage volume and cost compared with equivalent high-pressure gaseous storage.
Liquid oxygen is stored in specially designed cryogenic storage tanks that minimize heat transfer from the surroundings. A typical tank has an inner vessel surrounded by an outer vessel, with an evacuated annular space between them for insulation. The storage system also includes vaporizers, pressure control equipment, and piping for filling and supplying oxygen. The report states that vessels for liquid oxygen service should be designed according to applicable ASME codes for the pressure and temperatures involved.
Oxygen has applications across several industrial sectors described in the report. These include metal gas welding, cutting and brazing, the metal industry, chemical and petrochemical industries, oil and gas, fish farming, glass manufacturing, and waste management. The report also discusses applications involving chemicals, explosives, and other uses. The appropriate oxygen grade, storage method, supply system, and safety provisions depend on the particular application and operating conditions.
A typical system requires a cryogenic storage tank, vaporizers, a pressure control system, and the piping needed for filling, vaporization, and supply. The report also addresses containers, safety equipment, plant and machinery, testing equipment, compressors, vacuum technologies, and process equipment associated with oxygen generation and distribution. Equipment selection and design must account for cryogenic temperatures, operating pressure, material compatibility, insulation, and applicable engineering and safety requirements.
The report discusses both cryogenic and non-cryogenic approaches to oxygen generation. Its non-cryogenic coverage includes adsorption and membrane technologies, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum-pressure swing adsorption and related VPSA, VSA or PVSA systems, as well as other membrane-based systems. The process discussion includes pretreating, separating, purifying, and distributing. The report also covers the manufacture of oxygen from high-temperature steam and describes relevant process principles and equipment.
Safe handling of liquid oxygen requires specialized cryogenic equipment, appropriate containers, controlled storage conditions, suitable piping, and personal protective equipment. The report emphasizes that contact with liquid oxygen or cold oxygen vapors can cause cryogenic burns and tissue damage. It also discusses oxygen toxicity at elevated concentrations and pressures. Safety considerations therefore include proper handling and storage procedures, pressure control, equipment design, containment, and appropriate PPE. Facilities should follow applicable codes, standards, regulations, and established oxygen-handling procedures.
Oxygen plant layout planning should consider raw-material supply, markets, power and fuel supply, water, climate, transportation, waste disposal, labor, regulatory laws, taxes, site characteristics, community factors, flood and fire control, and other site-related considerations identified in the report. Layout planning should also account for the movement of materials and personnel, equipment access, storage and handling requirements, safety provisions, and operational needs. Proper planning helps establish an efficient and safe arrangement of production, storage, utility, and support facilities.
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