LIQUID OXYGEN BOTTLING PLANT
[CODE NO.4022]
Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid. Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that have a normal boiling point below -238°F (-150°C). Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of -297.3°F (-183.0°C). Because the temperature difference between the product and the surrounding environment is substantial—even in the winter—keeping liquid oxygen insulated from the surrounding heat is essential. The product also requires special equipment for handling and storage. Oxygen is often stored as a liquid, although it is used primarily as a gas. Liquid storage is less bulky and less costly than the equivalent capacity of high-pressure gaseous storage.
A typical storage system consists of a cryogenic storage tank, one or more vaporizers, a pressure control system, and all piping necessary for the fill, vaporization, and supply functions. The cryogenic tank is constructed, in principle, like a thermos bottle. There is an inner vessel surrounded by an outer vessel. Between the vessels is an annular space that contains an insulating medium, from which all the air has been removed. This space keeps heat away from the liquid oxygen held in the inner vessel. Vaporizers convert the liquid oxygen into a gaseous state. A pressure control manifold then controls the gas pressure that is fed to the process or application. Vessels used in liquid oxygen service should be designed according to ASME codes for the pressure and temperatures involved. Piping design should follow similar codes, as issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Health Effects
Normally air contains 21% oxygen and oxygen is essentially nontoxic. No health effects have been observed in people exposed to concentrations up to 50% at 1 atmosphere for 24 hours or longer. The inhalation at 1 atmosphere of 80% oxygen for more than 12 hours can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, progressive decrease in vital capacity, coughing, nasal stuffiness, sore throat, and chest pain, followed by tracheobronchitis and later by pulmonary congestion and/or edema. Inhalation of pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure or less can cause pulmonary irritation and edema after 24 hours. Respiratory symptoms can occur in two to six hours at pressures above 1 atmosphere. One of the earliest responses of the lung is accumulation of water in its interstitial spaces and within the pulmonary cells. This can cause reduced lung function, which is the earliest measurable sign of toxicity.
Other symptoms include fever, and sinus and eye irritation. When pure oxygen is inhaled at pressures greater than 2 or 3 atmospheres, a characteristic neurological syndrome can be observed. Signs and symptoms include nausea, dizziness, vomiting, tiredness, light-headedness, mood changes, euphoria, confusion, incoordination, muscular twitching, burning/ tingling sensations particularly of the fingers and toes, and loss of consciousness. Characteristic epileptic-like convulsions, which may be preceded by visual disturbances, such as loss of peripheral vision, also occur. Continued exposure can cause severe convulsions that can lead to death. The effects are reversible after reduction of oxygen pressure.
Premature infants placed in incubators to breathe oxygen in concentrations greater than in air can develop irreversible eye damage. Within six hours after an infant is placed in a high-oxygen atmosphere, vasoconstriction of the immature vessels of the retina occurs, which is reversible if the child is immediately returned to air, but irreversible if oxygen-rich therapy is continued. Fully developed blood vessels are not sensitive to oxygen toxicity. Extensive tissue damage or cryogenic burns can result from exposure to liquid oxygen or cold oxygen vapors.
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 1000 Cylinder/Day
Land & Building (1000 sq.mt.) Rs. 69 Lac
Plant & Machinery Rs. 1.90 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 83 Lac
Total Capital Investment Rs. 4.27 Cr
Rate of Return 39%
Break Even Point 63%
INTRODUCTION
HEALTH EFFECTS
PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OXYGEN IS COLOURLESS, ODORLESS AND TASTELESS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN
BOILING POINT
CRITICAL POINT
LIQUID
SOLUBILITY, ML O2 AT STP PER ML H2O
GRADES OF OXYGEN
HAZARD
LIQUID OXYGEN
CONTAINERS
USES & APPLICATIONS
CHEMICALS
EXPLOSIVES
OTHER USES
METAL GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING
METAL INDUSTRY
CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
FISH FARMING
GLASS INDUSTRY
WASTE MANAGEMENT
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
INDIAN STANDARDS:
SPECIFICATION OF OXYGEN GAS
GRADE A
GRADES B AND C
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, OXYGEN COMMODITY SPECIFICATIONS
MARKET OVERVIEW OF OXYGEN
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF OXYGEN
RAW MATERIALS
SAFETY, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF LIQUID OXYGEN
CONTAINERS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
HANDLING AND STORAGE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID OXYGEN
LIQUID OXYGEN:-
SHIPPING METHODS OF OXYGEN:-
CONTAINER'S AND REGULATION:-
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
ADSORPTION AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR OXYGEN GEREELANCE
ADSORPTION PRINCIPLE
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE INFLUENCE
PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
ADSORPTION OXYGEN PLANTS
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TODAY
MEMBRANE OPERATION PRINCIPLE
MEMBRANE CARTRIDGE
COMPRESSOR AND VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS IN DETAILS
PRETREATING
SEPARATING
PURIFYING
DISTRIBUTING
MANUFAFACTURING PROCESS OF OXYGEN GAS CYLINDER
PLANT AND MACHINERY REQUIRED
TESTING EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURE OF OXYGEN FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM
METHOD
NON CRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION PROCESSES FOR OXYGEN
NITROGEN OR OXYGEN GENERATION USING PRESSURE SWING
ADSORPTION (PSA)
OXYGEN BY VACUUM-PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
(VPSA, VSA OR PVSA)
NITROGEN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE
SERVICE ARE:
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
6. TRANSPORTATION:
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL
SUPPLIERS OF EMPTY CYLINDER
SUPPLIERS OF LUBRICATING OIL
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
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