MORPHINE FROM POPPY STRAW
[EIRI/EDPR/4650] J.C.: 2867XL
Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor. Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically.
Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure. Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse. If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding, as it may affect the health of the baby.
The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over the last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world. About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Morphine is sold under many brand names. In 2020, it was the 140th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medication.
COST ESTIMATION
Poppy Straw Processing: 80 Tons/Day
Morphine Content: 0.7%
Yield: 0.56%
Plant Capacity 448 KG/Day
Land & Building (10,000 sq.mt.) Rs. 5.50 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 8.00 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Month Rs. 84.46 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 98.66 Cr
Rate of Return 32%
Break Even Point 36%
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
USES AND APPLICATION OF MORPHINE
MEDICAL USES
PAIN
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
PROPERTIES AND PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACODYNAMICS
MORPHINE AT OPIOID RECEPTORS
EQUIANALGESIC DOSES
MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE AMPOULE FOR VETERINARY USE
GENE EXPRESSION
EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NATURAL OCCURRENCE
CONCENTRATED POPPY STRAW
FORMING CPS FROM POPPY STRAW:
ALKALOIDS COMPOSITION:
ADVANTAGES OF CPS (CONCENTRATED POPPY STRAW)
ADVANTAGES OF CPS:
CHALLENGES:
CPS: A WAY FORWARD
OPIUM POPPY PLANT
OPIUM POPPY GROWING AREAS
MORPHINE EXTRACTION FROM CONCENTRATE POPPY STRAW
MARKET OVERVIEW OF MORPHINE
MORPHINE OVERVIEW
MORPHINE MARKET LEADERS
MORPHINE FROM OPIUM
FIGURE: MORPHINE EXTRACTION PROCESS
FIGURE: PROCESS OF ACETYLATION OF MORPHINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF MORPHINE FROM POPPY MEAL
RAW MATERIALS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF MORPHINE FROM POPPY STRAW
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
STORAGE LAYOUT:
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT:
SAFETY:
PLANT EXPANSION:
FLOOR SPACE:
UTILITIES SERVICING:
BUILDING:
MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
RAILROADS AND ROADS:
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
SPECIFIC FACTORS
6. TRANSPORTATION:
A. AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS SERVICES AND PROJECTED RATES
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSETS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
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