Industry Overview
Leather is a durable, versatile natural material produced by tanning animal hides and skins, primarily cattle hides. Tanning converts putrescible skins into long-lasting material suitable for a wide range of applications. Unlike the fur industry, where the raw material may have greater value than the meat, leather manufacturing primarily uses hides and skins generated as by-products of the meat industry. Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin.
Tanning may involve organic, inorganic, or synthetic tanning agents. Important tanning materials include vegetable tanning substances and basic chromium sulphate, while aluminium, zirconium and iron salts, formaldehyde, quinone, aliphatic sulphonyl chlorides, fish oils, and synthetic polymerized materials (Syntans) are used for special leather grades. India has a long history of leather tanning. Until about 1857, the industry largely operated as a cottage industry in villages. Semi-finished leather production for export began in South India around that period. The Government Harness & Saddlery Factory was established at Kanpur in 1867, followed by Cooper, Allen and Co. in 1881. Trials in chrome tanning began at Madras toward the beginning of the present century, contributing to the development of chrome tanneries in Chennai, Kolkata, and Kanpur.
Cost Estimation
| Particulars | Value |
|---|---|
| Plant Capacity | 200 SQ.MTR/DAY |
| Land & Building (2000 sq.ft.) | Rs. 2.70 Cr |
| Plant & Machinery | Rs. 3.00 Cr |
| Working Capital for 2 Month | Rs. 77.96 Lac |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 6.65 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 22% |
| Break Even Point | 59% |
Content Index
- INTRODUCTION
- USES AND APPLICATION
- TANNED AND HALF-TANNED LEATHER ARE USED FOR:
- TYPES OF LEATHER
- LEATHER TYPES
- IN GENERAL, LEATHER IS SOLD IN THREE FORMS:
- OTHER LESS-COMMON LEATHERS INCLUDE:
- THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT 'TRUE' LEATHERS, BUT CONTAIN LEATHER MATERIAL.
- B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
- RAW MATERIALS
- CLASSIFICATION OF HIDES AND SKINS
- IN THE CASE OF CATTLE HIDES:
- MARKET OVERVIEW OF LEATHER INDUSTRY IN INDIA
- STRENGTHS OF INDIAN LEATHER SECTOR
- EMERGING STRENGTHS
- HIGHLIGHTS OF PRODUCT SEGMENTS OF INDIAN LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY
- INDIA’S EXPORT OF LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS FOR 5 YEARS
- % SHARE OF LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS FY 2018-19
- MAJOR MARKETS:
- % SHARE OF INDIA’S EXPORTS OF LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS IN TOP 12 COUNTRIES IN US $ MN FY 2018-19
- INDIA’S EXPORT OF LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES FOR LAST 5 YEARS.
- FUTURE OUTLOOK:-
- SEQUENCES IN LEATHER PROCESSING
- CURING
- SOAKING
- PAINTING
- LIMING
- FLESHING
- DELIMING
- BATING
- PICKLING
- DEGREASING
- TANNING
- MINERAL TANNAGES
- ALDEHYDE AND OIL TANNAGES
- VEGETABLE TANNAGES
- SPLITTING
- SHAVING
- NEUTRALISATION
- DYEING
- FATLIQUORING
- SAMMING
- SETTING OUT
- FINAL DRYING
- STAKING AND DRY DRUMMING
- BUFFING AND BRUSHING 41
- FINISHING 41
- FINAL GRADING
- MEASUREMENT
- UNIT OPERATION IN LEATHER PROCESSING
- LEATHER PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
- PRE-TANNING OPERATIONS
- SOAKING
- LIMING
- DELIMING
- BATING
- PICKLING
- DEGREASING
- TANNING PROCESS
- CHROME TANNING
- VEGETABLE TANNING PROCESS
- POST-TANNING OPERATIONS
- RECHROMING OF WET BLUE LEATHERS
- NEUTRALISATION
- RETANNING
- DYEING
- FATLIQUORING
- FINISHING
- STEPS IN LEATHER TANNING AND DRY FINISHING PLANT
- LIMING-
- DELIMING:
- BATING:
- PICKLING:
- TANNING:
- NEUTRALIZATION
- RETAINING:
- DYEING:
- FAT LIQUORING:
- DRYING:
- FINISHING:
- LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING PROCESS
- HIDE AND SKIN PRESTORAGE / STORAGE, AND BEAMHOUSE OPERATIONS
- SORTING AND TRIMMING
- CURING AND STORING
- SOAKING
- DEHAIRING AND LIMING OF BOVINE HIDES
- PAINTING AND LIMING OF SHEEPSKINS
- FLESHING
- TANYARD OPERATIONS
- DELIMING
- BATING
- DEGREASING
- PICKLING
- WET-WHITE PRETANNING
- TANNING
- DRAINING, SAMMING, AND SETTING
- SPLITTING
- SHAVING
- POST-TANNING OPERATIONS
- NEUTRALIZATION
- BLEACHING
- RETANNING
- DYEING
- FATLIQUORING
- DRYING
- FINISHING OPERATIONS
- MECHANICAL FINISHING PROCESSES
- SURFACE COAT APPLICATION
- DIFFERENT STAGES IN LEATHER TANNING
- PREPARATORY STAGES
- TANNING
- CRUSTING
- SURFACE COATING
- PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR LEATHER PROCESSING
- WASTE CHARACTERISTICS, POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- THE TANNING AND FINISHING PROCESS GENERALLY CONSISTS OF:
- WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
- POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- TARGET POLLUTION LOADS
- TABLE. TARGET LOADS PER UNIT OF PRODUCTION
- TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
- TABLE. EFFLUENTS FROM TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHING PROCESSES
- LEATHER PRODUCTION PROCESSES
- ROLE OF ENZYMES IN LEATHER PRODUCTION
- PRESERVATION AND CONDITIONING OF LEATHER
- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FINISHED LEATHER
- PROCESS IN DETAILS
- PHYSICAL CHECK UP OF THE STOCK
- 2. SOAKING
- B) SOAKING OF COW-SKINS:
- B) SOAKING OF HEAVY HIDES:
- C) SOAKING OF DRIED SKIN:
- 3. UNHAIRING
- A) UNHAIRING OF COW SKINS:
- B) UNHAIRING OF GOAT SKINS:
- C) HEAVY HIDES:
- 4. BATING
- 5. PICKLING
- 6. THE TANNING PROCESS
- 7. FINISHING:
- A) PRESSING:
- B) COLOURING:
- DYEING:-
- ACID & DIRECT DYES
- PRACTICAL PROCESSES
- (1) GLAZED KID SKINS
- (2) SEMI-CHROME GLAZED SKINS
- (3) CLOTHING SUEDES
- CHEMICALS & THEIR COMPOSITIONS USED IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS & OTHER OPERATIONS IN BRIEF
- 1. SOAKING
- 2. LIMING
- 3. RELIMING
- 4. DELIMING
- 5. PICKLING
- 6. CHROME TANNING
- 7. TREATMENT WITH LADDER LINK :-
- 8. RETANNING
- 9. NEUTRILIZATION
- 10. DYEING AND FATLIQUORING
- SEASON IS PREPARED WITH -
- NOW THESE ARE AGAIN SPRAYED WITH FOLLOWING SOLUTION
- TANNING AND OTHER OPERATION FOR FINISHED LEATHER
- THE TANNING PROCESS
- PREPARATION OF THE RAW PELT FOR TANNING
- SOAKING 105
- UNHAIRING AND LIMING
- DELIMING AND BATING
- PICKLING
- PRETANNING, TANNING AND RETANNING
- TANNING
- MECHANICAL OPERATIONS
- NEUTRALISATION
- RETANNING
- DYEING, FATLIQUORING AND DRYING
- DYEING
- FATLIQUORING
- DRYING
- FINISHING
- DIFFERENT TREATMENT OF HIDES FOR FINISHED LEATHER
- POLLUTION EFFECTS
- TABLE - VOLUME & CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES
- TABLE- CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOSITE EFFLUENTS ALL VALUES IN MG/LITRE EXCEPT FOR PH
- EFFLUENT
- TREATMENT METHODS
- A. RECOVERY MATERIALS:
- B. PROCESS CHANGES
- C. FINAL TREATMENT:
- OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR CHROMETANNING
- SOAKING
- LIMING:
- DELIMING:
- SAVING IN CHEMICALS AND WATER IN DELIMING
- CHROME TANNING
- EFFLUENT TREATMENT IN TANNERY
- EFFLUENT TREATMENT
- FIGURE. TANNERY EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
- SOURCES: CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CHENNAI.
- AIR EMISSIONS
- TABLE : SOURCES OF AIR EMISSIONS AND PREVENTIVE METHODS
- TABLE ODOUR EMISSIONS TO AIR
- SOLID WASTE
- HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- FLOW DIAGRAM OF COMPLETE TANNING PROCESS
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
- SUPPLIERS OF RAW HIDES 132
- SUPPLIERS OF SODIUM SULPHIDE
- SUPPLIERS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
- SUPPLIERS OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
- SUPPLIERS OF BASIC CHROMIUM SULPHATE
- SUPPLIERS OF ANIONIC WETTING AGENT
- SUPPLIERS OF SULPHURIC ACID
- SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
- SUPPLIERS OF SOAKING DRUMS
- SUPPLIERS OF LEATHER PRESSING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF TRIMMING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF BUFFING MACHINE
- SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
- SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
- SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF MEASURING & TESTING EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPLIERS OF EMBOSSING MACHINE
- PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS (IMPORTED)
Appendix
- 01. PLANT ECONOMICS
- 02. LAND & BUILDING
- 03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
- 04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
- 05. FIXED CAPITAL
- 06. RAW MATERIAL
- 07. SALARY AND WAGES
- 08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
- 09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
- 10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
- 11. COST OF PRODUCTION
- 12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
- 13. BREAK EVEN POINT
- 14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
- 15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
- 16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
- 17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
- 18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
Frequently Asked Questions
Leather tanning is the process of converting animal hides and skins into durable leather. The treatment stabilizes the skin and prevents it from decomposing, producing a material suitable for manufacturing various leather goods. Depending on the desired characteristics, tanning may use vegetable tanning materials, basic chromium sulphate, or other organic, inorganic, and synthetic tanning agents. The report covers several tanning routes, including chrome tanning, vegetable tanning, mineral tannages, and aldehyde and oil tannages, followed by post-tanning and finishing operations.
The principal raw materials for leather production are animal hides and skins, particularly cattle hides. These materials require preservation, storage, and preparation before tanning. The processing also involves chemicals and auxiliary materials such as sodium sulphide, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, basic chromium sulphate, anionic wetting agents, and sulphuric acid. The precise materials and formulations depend on the type of hide or skin, tanning method, leather specification, and desired finished properties.
The major stages in leather processing include preparation, pre-tanning, tanning, post-tanning, drying, and finishing. Preparation commonly involves curing, soaking, dehairing or unhairing, liming, fleshing, deliming, bating, and pickling. Tanning may then be performed using chrome, vegetable, mineral, or other tanning systems. Post-tanning operations can include neutralisation, retanning, dyeing, and fatliquoring. Mechanical and surface-finishing operations such as setting out, drying, staking, buffing, brushing, coating, grading, and measurement help achieve the required appearance and performance.
Chrome tanning is a leather tanning method that uses basic chromium sulphate as the principal tanning agent. It is widely used for producing leather with properties suitable for many applications. The process generally follows preparation operations such as soaking, unhairing, liming, deliming, bating, and pickling. After tanning, the leather can undergo mechanical and post-tanning operations including draining, sammying, setting, splitting, shaving, neutralisation, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring, drying, and finishing. The report also discusses operating conditions and effluent treatment associated with chrome tanning.
Leather tanning can generate wastewater, air emissions, odour, solid waste, and potentially hazardous materials that require appropriate management. Wastewater characteristics depend on the raw material and processing chemicals used during operations such as soaking, liming, deliming, pickling, tanning, dyeing, and fatliquoring. Pollution prevention may involve material recovery, process changes, reduced chemical and water consumption, and final treatment. The report includes sections on waste characteristics, target pollution loads, treatment technologies, effluent treatment systems, air emissions, odour emissions, solid waste, and hazardous materials.
A leather tanning plant requires process equipment for preparation, tanning, mechanical treatment, finishing, utilities, and environmental management. The report identifies equipment categories including soaking drums, leather pressing machines, trimming machines, buffing machines, boilers, effluent treatment plants, material handling equipment, measuring and testing equipment, and embossing machines. The actual equipment configuration depends on the leather type, processing route, production capacity, degree of mechanisation, and finishing requirements. Proper equipment selection is important for consistent processing, productivity, product quality, and environmental control.
Leather is a versatile natural material used across a broad range of applications. Its uses depend on the type of hide or skin, tanning method, finishing treatment, thickness, appearance, and required performance characteristics. The report specifically includes sections on tanned and half-tanned leather applications, leather types, common forms in which leather is sold, and less-common leather categories. It also addresses product segments associated with the Indian leather and footwear industry, together with market information, export trends, major markets, and the future outlook for the sector.
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