hand book of organic farming and organic foods with vermi composting & neem products

HAND BOOK OF ORGANIC FARMING & ORGANIC FOODS WITH VERMI COMPOSTING AND NEEM PRODUCTS

Introduction


Organic Farming Principles and Concepts
•    Background
•    Nomenclature and Meaning
•    Natural Farming
•    Zero chemical farming
•    Bio dynamic farming
•    Humus farming
•    Compost farming
•    Sewage farming
•    Integrated farming
•    Mixed farming
•    Concepts and Principles
•    Principles of organic farming
•    Scope of Organic Farming
•    Advantages and Limitations of Organic Farming
•    Impact of Organic Farming on Production and Productivity
•    Availability of Organic sources of nutrients
•    Reduced yields

Cycle for Survival
•    Impact of Advanced Agricultural Technology Hazards
•    Adverse Effects of Agricultural Practices on the Farm
•    Soil Erosion
•    Water Availability
•    Salinization
•    Fertilizer and Pesticide Contamination
•    Genetic Erosion
•    Adverse Effects of Agricultural Practices
•    Away from the Farm
•    Soil Erosion
•    Fertilizer and Pesticide Contamination
•    Socio Economic Values
•    Economic and Political Issues
•    Environmental Accounting
•    Food Security
•    Sustainable Agriculture
•    Need of the Hour
•    Evolution of Sustanable Agriculture
•    Sustainable Livelihood
•    Other Eco-Friendly Farming Systems
•    Organic Farming
•    Biological Farming Nature Farming
•    Regenerative Agriculture
•    Permaculture
•    Alternate Agriculture
•    Ecological Agriculture
•    Ecological Farming Systems
•    Objectives of Ecological Farming
•    Prospects
•    Integrated Intensive Farming System (IIFS)
•    Low External Input Supply Agriculture (LEISA)
•    Low Input Agriculture
•    Criteria of LEISA
•    Ecological criteria
•    Economic criteria
•    Social criteria
•    Biodynamic Agriculture
•    Organic Farming vs.Biodynamic Farming
•    Principles of Biodynamic farming
•    Ruyles for using Biodynamic Agriculture
•    Few Biodynamic Preparations
•    Research Achievements in Biodynamic Farming
•    Permaculture Farming
•    Meaning and Objectives of Permaculture Farming
•    The Elements of the Permaculture farming system
•    Organic Agriculture System
•    The Major Aims of Organic Farming
•    Goncepts of Organic Farming
•    Difference Between Organic and Conventional Farming
•    History of Organic Farming
•    Needs of Organic Farming
•    Needs for Organic Inputs
•    Increasing Demand of Organic Foods

Organic Farming
•    Management of Autonomous Ecosystem
•    Mixed Farming
•    Plants
•    Animals
•    Soils
•    Biosphere
•    Crop Rotation
•    Benefits of crop diversification
•    Organic Cycle Optimization
•    In partnership with Nature
•    Basic  Standards and General Principles for Organic Agriculture
•    Crop and Soil Management
•    Choice of Crops and Varieties
•    Crop Rotation
•    Fertilization Policy
•    Management of Pests, Diseases and Weeds
•    Wild Products
•    Pollution Control
•    Soil and Water Conservation
•    Landscape
•    Principle Requirements and Pre Conditions
•    Conversion from Conventional To Organic Farming
•    Farms with Plant Production and Livestock
•    Limitations
•    Initiating Organic Farming
•    Medicinal Plants -the First Crops for Organic Farming
•    Management to Premaculture Farm
•    Permaculture Farm
•    Use of Draft Animal
•    Making Permanent Farm
•    Conservation of Soil
•    Protection of the Soil against Fires
•    Protection farm Water Erosion
•    Protection from Wind Erosion
•    Protection from Wind Erosion
•    Improvement of the Soil
•    How to bury Organic Matter
•    Mixed Cropping
•    Permaculture for Wastelands
•    Soil and water conservation
•    Pioneers
•    Pioneer trees and plants
•    Secondary species

Soil Environment And Plant Growth
•    Mineral Vs Organic Soils
•    Soil Factors for Plant Growth
•    Soil Fertility
•    Soil Productivity
•    Essential Plant Nutrients
•    Soil and Root Environment
•    Soil Texture
•    Soil Separate Sizes
•    Soil Textural Classes
•    Soil structure Classes
•    Structureless
•    Soil Porosity and Permeability
•    Soil Air
•    Composition of Soil Air
•    Soil Strength
•    Soil Color
•    Soil Temperature
•    Soil Water
•    Other Soil Physical Properties
•    Tilth
•    Soil Colloids and Chemical Properties
•    Organic colloids (Humus)
•    Cation Exchange
•    The Soil Reaction (pH)
•    Origin of Organic Soils
•    Soil Biology and Ecology
•    Soil Formation
•    Changes During Soil Formation
•    Physical Weathering
•    Climate and Soil Formation
•    Biota and Soil Formation
•    Topography and soil Formation
•    Time and Soil Formation
•    Interactions of Soil Foming Factors
•    Soil  Taxonomy


Soil Organic Matter and Humus
•    Interaction Between Soil Biota, Soil Organic Matter and soil Structure
•    Fungal and Bacterial Pathways of Organic Matter Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralization in Arable Soils
•    Soil structure and Soil Organic Matter Storage
•    Microbial Influence
•    Food Web in Soil
•    Formation Mechanisms of Complex Organic Sructures in Soil Habitates
•    Organisms Involved in Organic Matter Formation
•    Chemohetertrophic animals
•    Saprophytic Bacteria fungi and protozoa
•    Oxidoreductive enzymes
•    synthetic Reactions in Soil
•    Degradative Processes
•    Types of Plant Material for Decomposition
•    The pathway of lignin decomposition
•    Microorganims for Lignin biodegradation
•    Acquired stability
•    Synthetic Processes for Humus Formation
•    The Role of Oxidative Coupling in Humus Formation
•    Theories of Humus Formation
•    Modern theories of humification
•    Nutrient Dynamics
•    Environmental Regulation of Organic Matter Management
•    Methods of Organic Matter Recycling
•    In situe manuring
•    Ex-situ manuring
•    Biological Manuring


In-Situe Manuring
•    In-Situe Manuring by Animal
•    The System
•    Advantages
•    Limitations
•    Varification of Farmers
•    Experiences
•    Sustainability
•    Prospects
•    Insitu Manuring with Plants (Green Manures)
•    Benefits of Using Green Manures
•    Enhance soil fertility
•    Supplement for nutrients
•    Improved soil structure
•    Prevention of soil erosion
•    Weed control
•    Method of Use
•    Green Manuring in Situ
•    Green Leaf Manuring
•    Place in Farming System
•    Green manures in rotation
•    Green manures and undersowing
•    Long term green manures
•    Green manures as mulch
•    Green manures in agroforestry
•    Management of Green Manuring
•    Time of sowing and seed rate
•    Seed treatment
•    Stem cuttings
•    Mixed cropping
•    Inter cropping
•    Border planting
•    Phosphorus response
•    Digging in green manures
•    The Choice of Green Manure
•    Other Important Considerations
•    Achieving sustainability in the use of green manures
•    Sustainability
•    Experiences worldwide

Ex-Situ Manuring
•    Available Potential of Organic Materials for Ex-stu Manuring
•    Organic Resources and Potential
•    Livestock and Human wastes
•    Crop residues, tree wastes and aquatic weeds
•    Urban and rural wastes
•    Agro industries by products
•    Marine wastes
•    Agricultural Waste
•    Crop Residues
•    Agro Industrial Wastes
•    Rice husk
•    Bagasse
•    Pressmud
•    Tea wastes
•    Coir waste
•    Characteristics of Agricultural Wastes
•    Phosphorus
•    pH
•    Bio Plant Growth Promoters
•    Livestock wastes
•    Type of Production Unit
•    Species and Age of Animal
•    Other Factors
•    Beel Cattle
•    Slotted Floors
•    Dairy Cattle
•    Utilization of Agricultural Organic Waste
•    Recycling of organic materials for fertilization
•    Direct incorporation of organic materials in the soil
•    Organic Mulch
•    Concentrated Organic Manures
•    Aquatic Weeds
•    Aquatic Weeds as Source of Energy
•    Aquatic Weeds as Organic Manures
•    Oilcakes
•    How to Use Oilcakes
•    Cattle Pig and Poultry Manures
•    Poultry
•    Litter Grown
•    Cage Grown
•    Meat meal
•    Bloodmeal
•    Fishmeal
•    Horn-and -hoofmeal
•    Collection and Storage of organic waste
•    Economic Value of Organic Waste
•    Availability of Organic Waste in India
•    Processing of Agriculture Waste
Production of Compost
•    Composting
•    Importance of Composting
•    Maximizing the Nutrients availability form Agrients availability form Agricultural Compost
•    Effect on Soil and Crop
•    Method of spreading compost
•    Rate of Application
•    Time of Application
•    Classification of Composting
•    Oxygen Availability
•    Aerobic composting
•    Anaerobic composting
•    Temperature
•    Method of Operation
•    Enclosed digester
•    Window composting
•    Kinefics of composting
•    Biochemistry
•    Carbon Nitrogen Balance
•    Ideal C.N.Ratio in Heap
•    Moisture Content
•    Ingredients to Avoid
•    Paratoxics
•    Temperature
•    Oxygen Availability
•    pH
•    Microbes Involved in composting
•    Activators of Biodegradation
•    Design Criteria
•    Type and Amount of compost
•    The Climate
•    Availability of Land
•    Handling    
•    Practical Method of
•    Making Compost
•    Consideration in building a    
•    compost heap
•    Size of  the compost heap    
•    Labour    
•    Availability of animal feed    
•    Water availability    
•    Pit or heap    
•    Managing  the compost heap    
•    Water content    
•    Ingredients    
•    Building the heap    
•    Digestion    
•    Curing    
•    Maturation  of the compost    
•    Practical Application    
•    Composting
•    Biogas Technology    
•    Compostion of Slurry    
•    Slurry for Agriculture    
•    Transfer  of biogas technology    
•    Growing of Mushrooms    
•    Conventional Types of    
•    Compost
•    Compost Making and    
•    Spawning
•    The work schedule    
•    First day     
•    On  13th days     
•    Spawning    

Vermi-Composting
    
•    Earthworms as Indicators    
•    of Soil Fertility
•    Earthworms and Plant Growth    
•    Interaction of Vermicompost
•    Earthworms-Mulchplantroot
•    (VEMP)
•    Vermicompost    
•    Recycling  of Wastes Through    
•    Verm-composting
•    Minimizing Pollution Hazard    
•    Advantages of Vermi-Compost    
•    Adverse  Effects on Crops    
•    Economic viability    
•    Vermiculture Process    
•    Selecton  of Suitable Species    
•    Epiges    
•    Endoges    
•    Aneciques    
•    Basic Characteristics of    
•    Suitable Species
•    Fixing Earthworms for    
•    Identification
•    Transport of Fixed Worms    
•    or Laboratory
•    Description of Suitable Species    
•    Family : Lumbricidae    
•    Bimastos parvus    
•    (=Allolobophora(Bimastos) parvus Eisen)
•    Eiseniafoetida (Sav.)    
•    Family  : Eudrilidae    
•    Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.)    
•    Handling    
•    Practical Method of
•    Making Compost
•    Consideration in building a    
•    compost heap
•    Size of  the compost heap    
•    Labour    
•    Availability of animal feed    
•    Water availability    
•    Pit or heap    
•    Managing  the compost heap    
•    Water content    
•    Ingredients    
•    Building the heap    
•    Digestion    
•    Curing    
•    Maturation  of the compost    
•    Practical Application    
•    Composting
•    Biogas Technology    
•    Compostion of Slurry    
•    Slurry for Agriculture    
•    Transfer  of biogas technology    
•    Growing of Mushrooms    
•    Conventional Types of    
•    Compost
•    Compost Making and    
•    Spawning
•    The work schedule    
•    First day     
•    On  13th days     
•    Spawning    

Vermi-Composting
    
•    Earthworms as Indicators    
•    of Soil Fertility
•    Earthworms and Plant Growth    
•    Interaction of Vermicompost
•    Earthworms-Mulchplantroot
•    (VEMP)
•    Vermicompost    
•    Recycling  of Wastes Through    
•    Verm-composting
•    Minimizing Pollution Hazard    
•    Advantages of Vermi-Compost    
•    Adverse  Effects on Crops    
•    Economic viability    
•    Vermiculture Process    
•    Selecton  of Suitable Species    
•    Epiges    
•    Endoges    
•    Aneciques    
•    Basic Characteristics of    
•    Suitable Species
•    Fixing Earthworms for    
•    Identification
•    Transport of Fixed Worms    
•    or Laboratory
•    Description of Suitable Species    
•    Family : Lumbricidae    
•    Bimastos parvus    
•    (=Allolobophora(Bimastos) parvus Eisen)
•    Eiseniafoetida (Sav.)    
•    Family  : Eudrilidae    
•    Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.)    
•    Family : Megascolecidae    
•    Lampito mauritii (Kinb)    
•    Metaphire anomala Mich.    
•    (=Pheretima anomala)
•    Metaphire posthuma    
•    (=Pheretima posthuma)
•    Perionyx  excavatus E. Perr    
•    Perionyx sunsbaricus    
•    Michaelson
•    Maintenance  of Base Culture    
•    Vermicomposting Materials    
•    Animal dung    
•    Agricultural waste    
•    Forestry wastes    
•    City leaf litter    
•    Waste  paper and cotton    
•    cloth etc.
•    City refuge    
•    Biogas slurry    
•    Industrial wastes    
•    Preliminary Treatment of    
•    Composting material
•    Pre heated of leaf litter and    
•    agricultural waste
•    Small scale or Indoor    
•    Vermicomposting
•    Large scale or outdoor    
•    Vermicomposting
•    Requirements for    
•    Vermicomposting
•    Container    
•    Bedding Material    
•    Moisture content    
•    Temperature    
•    Initiation of Vermiculture    
•    in India
 
Ecological Pest Management
•    Cultural Control    
•    Sanitation    
•    Tillage    
•    Application of manures and    
•    soil amendments
•    Habitat diversification    
•    Crop rotation    
•    Trap cropping    
•    Intercropping    
•    Strip farming    
•    Time of planting    
•    Water management    
•    Crop competition    
•    Physical and Mechanical    
•    Control
•    Manual control    
•    Burning    
•    Solarisation    
•    Flooding    
•    Biological Control    
•    Increasing the Effectiveness    
•    of Bio-control
•    Conservation of biodiversity    
•    Conservation of natural    
•    anemies
•    Biopesticides    
•    Host Resistance    
•    Autocidal Control    
•    Behavioral Control    
•    Pheromones    
•    Fairomones    
•    Success Rete of    
•    Ecological Management
•    Other Related Approach    
•    Integrated Pest Management    
•    Biologically Intensive Pest    
•    Control (BIPM)
•    Success with Biological Control    
•    Rice    
•    Sugarcane    
•    Tomato    
•    Tobacco    
•    Cotton    
•    Horticultural and Plantation    
•    Crops
•    Future Thrust    
Neem    
•    Uses of Neem    
•    Neem  for Pest Control    
•    Limonoids    
•    Azadirachtin    
•    Meliantriol    
•    Salannin    
•    Nimbin and Nimbidin    
•    Others    
•    Mode of Action    
•    Effectiveness    
•    Good Control    
•    Moderate Control    
•    Poor Control    
•    Nontarget Species    
•    Earthworms    
•    Beneficial Insects    
•    Preparations  for Pest Control    
•    Methods of Application    
•    Water Extraction    
•    Hexane Extraction    
•    Pentane Extraction    
•    Alcohol Extraction    
•    Formulations    
•    Additives    
•    Practical Methods for    
•    Preparations
•    Control of  Stored Grain Pest    
•    Method 1    
•    Method 2    
•    Method 3    
•    Uses  of Neem Extract    
•    Preparing  crushed neem seed    
•    Neem to control stem borers
•    on young plants    
•    Extracting Neem Oil    
•    Controlling bruchid beetles    
•    in stored beans
•    Control  of soil-borne pests    
•    Neem  water extract for    
•    plant protection
•    Water  based neem spray    
•    to control cutworms
•    Success stories    
•    Desert Locust    
•    Cockroach    
•    Brown Planthopper    
•    Stored-Product Insects    
•    Armyworm    
•    Mosquitoes    
•    Aphids    
•    Fruit Flies    
•    Nematodes    
•    Snails    
•    Crustaceans    
•    Fungi    
•    Aflatoxin    
•    Plant Viruses    
•    Propagation and Planting of    
•    Neem
•    Climatic Requirements    
•    Rainfall    
•    Temperature    
•    Raising Seedlings    
•    Transplanting    

Utilization of Neem
•    Chemical Constituents    
•    Extraction    
•    Water Extraction    
•    Hexane Extraction    
•    Alcohol extraction    
•    Formulations    
•    Effects on Inesects    
•    Effects  on other Organims    
•    Medicial Importances    
•    Fungicides    
•    Antibacterials and Antiviral    
•    agnets
•    Dennatological insects    
•    Dental treatments    
•    Other Diseases    
•    Veterinary medicine    
•    Nematicide    
•    Industrial Products    
•    Neem oil    
•    Neem cake    
•    Timber    
•    Fuel    
•    Other Products    
•    Resin    
•    Bark    
•    Fruit pulp    
•    Leaves    
•    Conclusion    

Patents on Neem    

Neem in Medicine
    
•    Preventive -Promotive uses    
•    Curative Uses    
•    Simple Formulations of Neem    
•    Neem in Classicial Medicine    
•    Traditional Tooth Brush    

Preparation of Neem
    
•    Products and their Uses
•    Neem Kernel Extract    
•    Neem Leaf Extract    
•    Neem Cake Extract    
•    Neem Oil Spray    
•    General Remarks about    
•    Spraying

Neem in Pest Control
•    Biological Effects of Neem    
•    on Insects
•    Insect Growth Regulation    
•    Feeding Deterrent    
•    Oviposition Deterrent    
•    Effect of  Neem on Different    
•    Insects
•    Orthoptera    
•    Homoptera    
•    Hysanoptera    
•    Coleoptera    
•    Lepidoptera    
•    Diptera    
•    Hymenoptera    
•    Heteroptera    
•    Mode of  Action of Neem    
•    products on Specific Pests
•    Desert Locust    
•    Cockroach    
•    Brown Planthopper    
•    Stored Product Insects    
•    Leafminers    
•    Mosquitoes    
•    Fruit Flies    
•    Nematodes    
•    Snails    
•    Plant Viruses    
•    Fungi    
•    Effect  on Non-Target Species    
•    Earthworms    
•    Effect on other Beneficial    
•    Insects

Neem as a Fertilizer
•    Manurial Value
    Synonyms and    
Properties of Neem
•    Synonyms    
•    Properties (General)    
•    General  Properties of the    
•    whole Tree
•    Properties  of tender leaf    
•    Properties of Leaf    
•    Properties  of dry Leaf    
•    Properties of Flowers    
•    Properties  of tender Branch    
•    Properties  of young unripe    
•    Fruits
•    Properties  of ripe Fruits    
•    Properties of Seed Pulp    
•    Properties of Oil    

Adoption and Success
•    Organic Agriculture an    
•    Attractive alternative
•    Not a Miracle Solution    
•    Adoption in the Farming Systems Context
•    Soil management and    
•    Biological Processes
•    Basic Recommendation for    
•    Initiating Adoption of Organic Farming
•    Fertilization    
•    Regeneration    
•    Pesticides    
•    Post-Harvest
•    Socio-economic    
•    Farm System    
•    Human Resource Management    
•    Conversion    
•    Processing    
•    Marketing    
•    Factor Affecting Adoption    
•    of Organic Farming
•    The  degree of Intensification    
•    of farming system
•    Agroclimatic factors    
•    Labour Inputs    
•    Environmental concerns/    
•    negative experiences with agrochemicals
•    Land  size and ownership    
•    Cropping  systems and sub-systems within the farm
•    Proximity  to urban markets    
•    Economic factors    
•    Education/lack of knowlege    
•    Availability and cost of
•    organic materials    
•    Culture    
•    Gender    
•    Aversion to  the  use of organic    
•    methods
•    Active promotion and    
•    preference for agrochemicals
•    Adoption in India    
•    Causes  of Low adoption    
•    Success  with organic farming    
•    Improvement in the    
•    environment
•    Soil Health    
•    Organic matter build-up
•    Biological Activities    
•    Physical conditions    
•    Chemical Properties    
•    Water Quality    
•    Air Quality    
•    Energy Use    
•    Biodiversity        
•    Flora    
•    Landscape    
•    Sustainability of Food    
•    Production System
•    Balance Sheet to Decide    
•    Adoption
•    Prospects    
•    Success Stories of    
•    Organic Farming
•    Organic Food (Gujarat, India)    
•    Economic Viability    
•    The organic way    
•    Narayan Reddy's farm    
•    Breaking out of the pesticides    
•    cotton wedlock
•    The Organic Solution-    
•    Maikaal Project, M.P., India
•    Medicinal Plant Production    
•    Ecological Production of    
•    Medicinal Plants in the Thar desert of India
•    In-situ production    
•    Agriculture Production    
•    Harnessed The Potential    
•    by N.D. Prajapati
•    Sekem in Egypt :    
•    bio-dynamic production and a way of life
•    Areas, need attention to    
•    popularize organic farming
•    Governmental Efforts    
•    International Efforts    
•    Policy    
•    Technical Support    
•    Direct Assistance    
•    International Organizations    
•    Scientific Congress on    
•    Organic Agricultural Research (SCOAR)
•    The  Goals of SCOAR    
•    International Federation of    
•    Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM
•    The Organic Farming    
•    Research Foundation (OFRF)
•    Organic Farming in the    
•    Indian Sub-Continent
•    Background    
•    History
•    Status  of Organic Farming    
•    in India
•    Nodal  Agency of IFOAM-India    
•    Institute  for Integrated Rural &n