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    Complete Technology Book of COIR PRODUCTS AND JUTE GEO-TEXTILES WITH COIR PITH, COIR CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEET, COIR MATTRESSES, RUBBERISED COIR, COIR GEOTEXTILES,COIR FIBRES, COIR FIBRE BOARDS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING

    Complete Technology Book of COIR PRODUCTS AND JUTE GEO-TEXTILES WITH COIR  PITH, COIR CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEET, COIR MATTRESSES, RUBBERISED COIR, COIR GEOTEXTILES,COIR FIBRES, COIR FIBRE BOARDS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING
    New
    Complete Technology Book of COIR PRODUCTS AND JUTE GEO-TEXTILES WITH COIR PITH, COIR CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEET, COIR MATTRESSES, RUBBERISED COIR, COIR GEOTEXTILES,COIR FIBRES, COIR FIBRE BOARDS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING
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      The book covers: Composition of Coir Pith, Coir Corrugated Roofing Sheet manufacturing Unit, Coir fibre reinforced green polymeric composites for injection Moulding Products, Using Coir Pith for Absorption and Recovery of Oil, Benefits of Pyrolysis Oil production from coir pith, Self Curing Concrete Using Coir Pith as Fine Aggregate, Coir Mattresses, Rubberised Coir Classification, Rubberised coir fibre liners for manufacture of coir garden articles, Coir Fibers as Pulp and Paper, Coir Mulch Needle Punched Non-Woven Fabric for Agro-Application, Use Of Coir Geotextiles In Unpaved Roads, Coir Geotextile - A Sustainable Reinforcing Material For Pavement Construction, Coir Fibre and its Application as Erosion Control Mats, Effectiveness of coir geotextiles in soil moisture conservation, Medium Density Coir Fiber Boards, Composite Applications using Coir Fibres, Jute Geo-textiles, Manufacturing process of Jute Geotextiles (JGT), The Full Scale Experimental Wall, Asphalt-Geotextile barriers for waste containment, Oil Retaining and Treating Geotextile for Pavement Applications, Application of Geotextiles in Pavement Drainage Systems, Equipments available in india for testing jute Geotextiles, Plant Economics of Gunny Bag Manufacturing Plant, Plant Economics Of Jute Garments, Plant Economics Of Jute Yarn, Jute Sutli & Hessian Cloth Weaving Integrated Unit,


      CONTENTS

      1. Composition of Coir Pith 

      Structure of coir pith 

      Properties of Coir Pith 

      Export Potential of Coir Pith 

      Environmental Impact due to Coir Pith Hillocks 

      Agri / Horti Uses 

      Growing Media 

      As Amendment 

      Coir Pith Blocks and Discs 

      As a substitute to Peat Moss 

      As an Organic Fertilizer 

      Biological Treatments for Enhancing

      Coir Pith (Conventional process) 

      Method of composting 

      Modification of existing composting process 

      Provision of perforated PVC pipes 

      Properties of C-POM 

      Significance of Organic Manure 

      Requirement of Coir Pith Organic Manure (C-POM) 

      Composting of Coir Pith

      Substituting Urea with Natural Supplements 

      Azolla -Soya hulls combination 

      Azolla pinnata 

      Soya hulls 

      Azolla -Fish waste combination (2:1) 

      Cyano bacteria 

      As a Base for Home / Vertical / Roof Garden 

      Laying Methodology for Roof Lawns 

      Potting Media 

      As Soil Substitute 

      Coir baskets 

      Industrial Applications 

      For Active Carbon for SiC (Silicon Carbide) 

      Carbonization Process 

      As a Source of Power Alcohol 

      Production of Cellulase 

      Extraction of Sodium Lignosulphonate 

      Extraction of Sodium Lignosulphonate 

      Uses of Sodium Lignosulphonate 

      Nanocellulose from Coir Pith 

      Production of Bio ethanol 

      Conversion of coir pith to nanocellulose 

      Production of Bio Oil 

      Preparation of Particle Board 

      As an Insulator 

      Production of Vanillin 

      Production Activated Carbon 

      Steam Activation 

      Chemical Activation

      Coir Pith Polyester Composites 

      Coir reinforcement 

      Mould releasing agent. 

      Moulds 

      Method 

      Binder less Coir Wood 

      Drying of the materials 

      Sieving 

      Hot pressing 

      Effect of Moisture 

      Effect of Temperature 

      Effect of pressure and cooling under pressure 

      Machining 

      As a Carrier Material 

      Extraction of natural dyes out of coir pith 

      Expansion Joint Filler 

      Value addition of Tender Coconut Husks 

      Production of Pulp and Paper 

      Important features of the paper making

      machine for coir 

      2. Coir Corrugated Roofing Sheet manufacturing unit 

      Introduction 

      Materials and Methods for the Manufacture of

      Coir Corrugated Sheets 

      Coconut coir non-woven felt 

      Woven bamboo mat 

      Resin 

      Raw materials for resin manufacture 

      Test Methods To Assess The Quality of Cardanol 

      Resin kettle or Batch resin reactor 

      Consolidation of non-woven coir felt 

      Machinery/ equipment:

      Salient feature in manufacture of coir felt corrugated

      sheet 

      Moisture content of coir felt and mats: 

      PCF Resin Adhesive Formulation [for bonding] 

      Requirement of PCF resin 

      Glue Application on the Coir Felt and Bamboo Mat 

      Stabilization and Drying of Resin Coated Mats 

      Assembly of Coir Felts/Mats 

      Hot pressing 77

      DIMENSIONING AND FINISHING 

      Machinery and Equipment 

      3. Coir fibre reinforced green polymeric composites

      for injection Moulding Products 

      Introduction & Scope 

      Literature Survey 

      Coir Fibre 

      Advantages of coir Fiber 

      Coir Fibre Modification 

      Alkali Treatment 

      Silane Treatment 

      Acetylation 

      Benzoylation 

      Composites 

      Biocomposites 

      Coir Fibre based biocomposites 

      Poly propylene 

      MAPP used as compactabilizer 

      Materials 

      Method 

      Modification of coir fibre 

      Preparation of PP-Coir Composite 

      Testing & Characterization 

      Density 

      Water Absorption 

      Heat deflection temperature (HDT) 

      Hardness 

      Tensile Testing 

      Flexural Properties 

      Impact Test 

      4. Using Coir Pith for Absorption and Recovery of Oil 

      Introduction 101

      Manufacturing Process 

      Methodology 

      Performance result of the screw press 

      5. Benefits of Pyrolysis Oil production from

      coir pith 

      Coir pith : A potential industrial residue for high

      value addition 

      Effective & enhanced oil absorption in Coir Pith: 

      6. Self Curing Concrete Using Coir Pith as

      Fine Aggregate 

      Introduction 

      Need for self-curing 

      Purpose of internal curing 

      Effects of improper curing 

      Advantages of internal curing 

      Constiuent Materials

      Physio-chemical properties of Coir pith 

      Chemical Composition of coir pith 113

      Properties of cement, Fine Aggregate and

      Coarse Aggregate 

      Mix Proportion 

      Experimental Investigation 

      Preparation of Coir pith 

      Batching of Materials 

      Mixing of materials 

      Casting 

      Internal Curing 

      Period of curing for conventional cubes 

      Result And Discussion 

      Weight density test

      Compressive strength test (IS 516 1959) 

      Flexural strength test (IS 516 1959) 

      Impact Test (IS 516 1959) 

      Cost Analysis 

      Conclusion 

      7. COIR MATTRESSES 

      Introduction 

      Product & Its Application 

      Desired Qualifications For Promoter: 

      Market Potential And Marketing Issues, If Any 

      Raw Material Requirements 

      Rubberized coir formulation process of manufacture 

      List Of Machinery

       Coir Sheet Machine (Sheeting Line) 

      Coir Rope Untwisting Machine 

      Hydraulic Press

      Band Saw Cutting Machines 

      Ball Mill 

      Vulcanizing Chamber 

      Tank 

      8. Rubberised coir Classification 

      Rubberised Coir Industry 

      Natural Rubber Latex – Its Source,

      Composition and Properties 

      Composition ot'NR latex 

      Main function of (he latex 

      Raw Materials for rubberized coir mattress 

      Natural Rubber Latex Concentrates 

      Centrifuged Latex 

      Evaporated Latex 

      Creamed Latex 

      Preservatives 

      Curled Coir Rope 

      Manufacturing Process of Rubberised Coir 

      Choice of fibre for Rubberised coir

      mattresses/cushions 

      Curling 

      Pre arrangement of fibres 

      Spraying 

      Drying 

      Quality of rubberised coir mattress 

      Characteristics of Rubberised Coir cushion 

      Applications of Rubberised 

      Quality parameters for Rubberised Coir Mattress 

      Latex foam backed coir matting 

      Spreading Process 

      Advantages 

      9. Rubberised coir fibre liners lor manufacture of

      coir garden articles 

      Advantages of pots manufactured from rubberised

      coir fibre liners 

      Coco Pols 

      Coco poles or Plant climbers 

      Coir Fiber Liners 

      Coir Fiber Disks 

      Hemi spheres from Coir fibre Mners 

      Decorative articles from coir 

      Rubber backed coir mats/ Matting Tiles 

      Advantages of Rubber Backed Coir Mats/ Matting

      Tiles 

      Fire retardant finishes to Rubberised Coir 

      10 Coir Fibers as Pulp and Paper 

      Introduction 

      Materials and methods 3

      Material 

      Morphology 

      Chemical pulping 

      Preparation of laboratory paper making

      and characterization 

      Statistical analysis 

      Results and discussion 

      Morphological characteristics 

      11. Coir Mulch Needle Punched Non-Woven

      Fabric for Agro-Application 

      Introduction 

      Methodology 9

      Materials and Methods 

      Selection of Raw Material 

      Fabric Formation 

      Non-Woven 

      Needle Punching Technique 

      Machine Detail 

      Specification 

      Fabrication 

      Finishing's 

      Treatment of Natural Glue with Coir Mulch Sample 

      Ingredients 

      Process 

      Analysis 

      Environmental Conditions 

      Measurements 

      Plant growth parameters 

      Testing's

      Result and Discussion 

      Visual Analysis 

      Comparative Study of Soil Temperature and

      Weed Control Measures 

      Competition of Synthetic Mulch with Coir

      Mulch in the Growth of Fenugreek Plants for

      Water Conservation 156

      Comparative Growth Rate of Fenugreek Plant 

      A field survey on awareness, utility and

      usage of mulching 

      Air and water permissibility of coir mulch 

      Level of satisfaction on coir mulch 

      12. Use Of Coir Geotextiles In Unpaved Roads 

      Introduction 

      Subgrade Separation And Stabilization 

      Typical Solutions 

      Geotextile Solution 

      Geotextile Benefits

      Bask Reinforcement

      Typical Solutions 

      Geotextile Solution 

      Drainagl / Filtration 

      Coir As A Suitable: Geotextile Material For Roads 

      As Reinforcement 

      As separator 

      As filler/drainage layer 

      Strength of suhgrade 

      Field Installation of Geotextile 

      13. Coir Geotextile - A Sustainable Reinforcing

      Material For Pavement Construction 

      Introduction 

      Coir Geotextiles For Strengthening Soft Soil

      Subgrade 

      Present Status 

      Geotext1le In Unpaved Roads 

      Separation 

      Lateral Restraint 

      Tensioned Membrane Effect

      Application of Geotextile Separation 

      Filtration 

      Reinforcement 

      Scaling Function 

      Laying of Coir Geotextiles 

      14. Coir Fibre and its Application as Erosion Control

      Mats 

      Introduction 

      Mechanism of erosion control 

      Characteristics And Standard Specification

      of Coir Based Erosion Control Mats 

      Characteristics of coir fibre 

      Chemical campoaitian of coir and other natural

      fibres 

      Specifications 

      15. Effectiveness of coir geotextiles in soil

      moisture conservation 

      Introduction 

      Materials and Methods 

      Results and Discussions 

      Crop: Bhindi 

      Effect of mulch on growth parameters 

      Effect of mulch on height of plants 

      Effect of mulch on Number of leaves 

      Effect of mulch on lateral spread of the plant 

      Effect of mulching on yield parameters 

      Effect of mulch on weed intensity 

      Effect of mulch on yield parameters 

      Length of fruits as influenced by mulch (cm) 

      Effect of mulch on weed intensity 

      Effect of mulch on soil temperature 

      Effect of mulch on soil moisture 

      16. Medium Density Coir Fiber Boards 

      Introduction 

      Materials And Methods 

      Preparation of Medium-Density Coir Boards 

      Chemical Treatment 

      LOI Test 

      Determination of Fire Resistance 1

      Results and Discussion 

      17. Composite Applications using Coir Fibres 

      Introduction 

      Study on products and materials 

      Investigation of current status of coir

      composite research 

      Fibre cleaning procedures 

      Fibre chemical treatments 

      Chemical modification 

      Graft polymerisation with MMA: 

      Acetylation 

      Other findings in literature 

      Acrylic resins as binder: 

      Natural fibre composite based on processing

      technology 

      Natural fibre composite in application:

      Conclusions of literature research

      Investigation of material and technological

      properties of coir for composite manufacturing 

      Research on micro-scale has been carried out at 

      Appropriate combinations of products

      and technologies 

      Identifying potential marketability of coir

      composite products 

      Raw materials 

      Coir Fibre 

      Polymer 

      Technology and products 

      Market for coir based composites 

      Technology development 

      Raw materials 

      Manufacturing of composite specimen 

      Vacuum Injection Technology 

      Latex and Monomer Impregnation 

      Prepregging with MMA monomer 

      LFT processing 

      Materials used

      Procedure of the trials 

      Effect of treatments on the properties of

      composite specimen 

      Prototyping 

      Vacuum Injection 

      Compression Forming with thermoplastic prepregs 

      LFT 18. Jute Geo-textiles 

      18. Jute Geo-textiles

      Composition and Characteristics of Jute Fibre 

      Tenacity 

      Elongation 

      Flexural Rigidity and Torsional Rigidity 

      Hygroscopicity 

      Thermal behaviour 

      Structure of Jute 

      Properties of Jute Fabric

      19. Manufacturing process of Jute Geotextiles (JGT) 

      Separation 

      Filtration 

      Drainage 

      Initial Reinforcement 

      Control of Surface Soil detachment 

      Bio-technical Support 

      Transportation, Storage & Handling of JGT

      Storage 

      Site unloading 

      Site Handling 

      Installation 

      Properties of JGT and Important Test Methods 

      Physical Properties 

      Physical Properties 

      Mass per unit area 

      Thickness 

      Porometry (AOS 

      By Microscope 

      By Reverse Dry Sieving Technique 

      By Wet Sieving 

      Drapability 

      Mechanical Properties 

      Tensile Strength 

      Puncture Strength 

      Burst Strength 

      Tear Strength 

      Frictional Resistance 

      Hydraulic Properties 

      Soil Permeability (ks) 

      Permittivity of JGT 

      Transmissivity 

      Determination of clogging potential of JGT 

      Durability of JGT 

      Bitumen as water-repellent 

      Utilization of Palm-mat Geotextiles to

      Conserve Agricultural Soils 

      Objectives 

      Analyses of Selected Mat Properties 

      Computation of Effectiveness of Geotextile-covered

      Plots 

      Statistical Analysis 

      Results 

      Selected Physical Properties of the Mats 

      Splash Erosion 

      Runoff Volume 

      Sediment Yield 

      Geotextile Reinforced Walls 

      20. The Full Scale Experimental Wall 

      21. Asphalt-Geotextile barriers for waste

      containment 

      Hydraulic conductivity of FAA-GT 

      Vapor transmission rates for FAA-GT 

      22. Oil Retaining and Treating Geotextile for

      Pavement Applications 

      Development of the Geotextile 

      Initial Biofilm Experiments

      Hydrocarbon Retention Experiments 

      Retention Experiment 1 

      Retention Experiment 2 

      pavement sections 

      23. Application of Geotextiles in Pavement

      Drainage Systems 

      Physical properties 

      Mechanical properties 

      Hydraulic properties 

      Endurance properti

      Types of Geotextiles 

      Woven fabrics 

      Non-woven 

      Knitted fabrics 

      Function of Geotextile in Drainage 

      Advantages of using Geo-textile in Drainage 

      Conclusion 

      JGT Manufacturing Process Photographs 

      24. Equipmnets available in india for testing jute

      Geotextiles 

      25. Plant Economics of Gunny Bag Manufacturing

      Plant 

      Plant & Machinery 

      Fixed Capital 

      Raw Materials 

      Total Working Capital/Month 

      Total Capital Investment 

      Turn Over/Annum 

      26. Plant Economics Of Jute Garments 

      Plant & Machinery 

      Fixed Capital 

      Raw Materials 

      Total Working Capital/Month 

      Turn Over/Annum 

      27. Plant Economics Of Jute Yarn, Jute Sutli & Hessian

      Cloth Weaving Integrated Unit 

      Plant & Machinery For Jute Yarn: 

      For jute sutli 

      For Hessian Cloth 

      Fixed Capital 

      Raw Materials For Jute Yarn 

      For Jute Sutli 

      For Hessian Cloth 

      Total Working Capital/Month 

      Turn Over/Annum 

      LIST OF TABLES

      Table 2.1: Coir corrugated sheet - 3 ply 

      Table 2.2: Coir felt corrugated sheet - 5 ply 

      Table 2.3: Other Test performed on coir felt corrugated sheets 

      Table 3.1: Chemical Composition of coir fibre

      Table 3.2: Physical Properties of Coir Fiber

      Table 3.3 Formulations for compounding 

      Table 4.1. Results of proximate analysis 

      Table 6.1: Chemical composition of coir pith 

      Table 6.2 Properties of cement, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate 

      Table 10.1. Soda-AQ pulping condition for coir fibers. 

      Table 10.2. Full factorial DOE coir pulping settings.

      Table 10.3. Fiber characteristics of coir fiber.

      Table.11.1: Comparative study of mulch sheets

      towards moisture retain and weed control 

      Table 14.1: Chemical composition of coir fibre 

      Table 14.2: Properties of various fibres 

      Table 14.4; Typical specifications of Natural Geotextile

      (MARV*) using Coir (MoRTH 700) 

      Table 15.1 Height of plants Vs different treatments for Bhindi crop 

      Table 15.2 Number of leaves Vs different treatments for Bhindi crop 1 (xxiv)

      Table 15.3 Lateral spread Vs different treatments for Bhindi crop 

      Table 15.4 Effect of mulching in different treatments for Bhindi crop 

      Table 15.5 Weed Intensity Vs different treatments for Bhindi crop 

      Table 15.6 Variation in fruit parameters with different treatments for Pineapple crop 193

      Table. 15.7 Weed Intensity Vs different treatments for pineapple crop 

      Table. 15.8 Soil temperature Vs different treatments 

      Table 15.9 Soil temperature Vs different treatments 

      Table 16.1. Consolidated results of flammability,

      flame penetration, and rate of burning tests. 

      Table 18.1: Composition of Jute Fibre. 

      Table 18.2: Comparative physical properties of Jute

      and Other Fibres. 235

      Table 18.3: Properties of some typical Jute Geotextiles 

      Table 18.4: Open mesh woven jute geotextiles

      (IS Specifications) 238

      Table 18.5: Woven Jute Geotextiles 

      Table 18.6: Nonwoven Jute Geotextiles

      (Indicative Specifications) 

      Table 18.7: Properties of Pre-Fabricated Jute Drain

      with Coir Wicks 239 (xxv)

      LIST OF FIGURES

      Fig. 1.1 Scanning Electron Microscope of raw coir pith 

      Fig. 1.2 Leachate from accumulated coir pith washing.

      Fig. 1.3 Grow bags filled with coir pith for plant cultivaton 

      Fig. 1.4 Utilization of coir pith as amendment in crop cultivation 

      Fig. 1.5 (a) Pleurotus sajor caju - Culture on PDA 

      1.5 (b) Fruiting body in natural condition 

      1.5 (c) PITHPLUS 

      Fig. 1.6 Schematic diagram of aerator tube assembly 

      Fig. 1.7 Demonstration of PVC aerator tube assembly 

      Fig. 1.8 Pilot demonstration on coir pith hillock

      composting (250 tons) 

      Fig. 1.9 SEM view of C-POM 

      Dosage (per annum) for application of

      C-POM on different crops 

      Fig. 1.10 Structural concepts of vertical garden 

      Fig. 1.11 Demonstration of Vertical Garden 

      Fig. 1.12 Bridge in France with Vertical Garden 

      Fig. 1.13 Roof gadening 

      Fig. 1.14 SEM view of C-POM 

      Fig. 1.15 Conversion of coir pith to nanocellulose 

      Fig. 1.16 Coir Polyester Moulded Products 

      Fig. 2.1: Coir Corrugated Sheets - Process Flow Chart 

      Figure. 3.1 Coir Fibre 

      Figure. 3.2 Extraction of Coir Fibre 

      Figure 3.3 Commercial applications of coir fiber 87

      Figure 3.4 Influence of alkali treatment on cellulose

      structure 89

      Figure 3.5 Polypropylene 93

      Figure 3.6 Reaction mechanism of Cellulose with MAPP 

      Figure 3.7 Specimen of testing Sample 

      Fig 4.1. Block diagram showing the process and

      components 

      Fig. 4.2. Hydraulic press used during experiment 

      Fig. 4.3 Oil recovery from the coir pith 

      Fig. 4.4. Drawing of the screw press 5

      Fig. 4.5 (a). View of the screw press 

      Fig. 4.5 (b). View of the screw press 

      Fig. 4.6. Oil extracted from the coir pith using

      the screw press 

      Fig. 4.7. Oil absorbed in to coir pith 

      Fig. 4.8. Coir pith to oil absorption 107

      Fig. 5.1 A view of the Pyrolysis oil produced from Saw

      dust using a proto type reactor 109

      Fig. 5.2: View of a pyrolyser rector (proto type) used

      for conversion of biomass in to liquid fuel 

      Fig. 5.3 The process of oil recovery using coir pith 

      Fig 6.1 Preparation of coir pith 

      Fig 6.2 Mixing with water 

      Fig 6.3 Mixing coir pith with cement 

      Fig 6.4 Removal of water by squeezing 

      Fig 6.5 Mixing with concrete specimen the coir

      pith concrete 

      Fig 6.6 Moulding of concrete 

      Fig 6.7 Moulding of concrete specimen 

      Fig 6.8 Moulding of cube prism. For impact test concrete (xxvii)

      Fig 6.9 Schematic diagram of Internal Curing 

      Fig 6.10 Curing of concrete specimens

      Fig.11.1: Natural Gum 

      Fig.11.2: Dissolved Glue with Coir Sample 

      Figure 11.1 Shows the solid form of neem and babul

      gum and Figure 11.2 shows the glues in semisolid form. 

      Fig: 11.3 Application of Coir Mulch on Soil Surface 153

      Fig. 12.1 Geotextile as Separator 

      Fig. 12.2 Reinforcement Action 

      Fig. 12.3 Drainage Application 

      Fig. 12.4 Variation of Peak Shear stress vs. Normal Stress

      for red soil - Coir Geotextile Interface 

      Fig 12.5. Load Settlement behaviour with Coir geotextiles

      placed at z/B = 0.5 

      Fig. 12.6. Effect of Type of Reinforcement on load

      penetration 

      Fig. 13.1 Geotextile as a separator 

      Fig. 13.2 Filtration and Transmissivity Functions

      Drainage (Transmissivity) 

      Fig. 13.3 Scaling Functions 

      Figure 14.1 (a) Protection of road embankment

      Figure 14.2: (a) Mean Stress-Strain Curve for coconut fibre (b)

      Stress-Strain Curves of Natural Fibres 

      Figure 16.1. Arrangement for flammability test. 

      Figure 16.2. Arrangement for flame penetration test. 

      Figure 16.3. Arrangement for rate of burning test. 

      Figure 18.1: Photographs of Jute Plant, Jute

      Figure 18.2: Jute geotextiles for control of surface soil

      erosion 

      Figure 18.3: Jute geotextiles for filtration and drainage 

      Figure 18.4: Jute geotextiles for separation and filtration 

      Figure 18.5: Prefabricated jute drains for accelerated

      consolidation of soft soil 234

      Figure 19.1. Schematic plan of the runoff plots at Hilton 

      Figure 20.1. Cross-section of experimental full size wall. 

      Figure 20.2. Saturation of an experimental full

      size wall. 

      Figure 21.1. Examples of asphalt concrete and fluid

      applied asphaltgeotextile barrier applications. 

      Figure 21.2 Sampling the field FAA-GT from the test pad

      Figure 21.3 Set up for vapor transmission tests. 

      Figure 21.4. Solvent vapor transmission tests showing

      FAA-GT and HDPE geomembranes exposed to

      xylene. 

      Figure 22.1 Typical Results of Distribution of 

      Throughout Osmocote Plus Treated PPS 283

      Figure 22.2 Re-interpretation of Bond's

      Long Term Experiment 

      Figure 22.3 Initial Dynamic Retention Trial 

      Figure 22.4 Cross section of larger textile-only rig 

      Figure 22.5 Schematic Experimental Systems

      Using Heat Bonded Polyolefin Geotextile 

      Figure 22.6 Experimental systems for the new

      geotextile (NPMPE) and Non-Geotextile (N-G) 

      Figure 23.1: Geo-textile used for drainage. 

      Figure 23.2: Geo-textile layer in sub-grade. 

      Figure 23.3: Use of fabrics in drainage.


      COMPOSITION OF COIR PITH


      Coir waste has a high lignin (30-31%) and cellulose (26.8%)

      content. Its carbon nitrogen ratio is around 112:1. Lignin is a complex

      amorphous polymer of phenyl propane which surrounds the

      cellulose in cell walls and is relatively inert to hydrolysis. Because

      of the high lignin content left to it, coir waste takes decades to

      decompose.

      Coir pith has a calorific value of 3975 kcal per kg close to 4200

      kcal per kg of coal and hence it can be used as fuel briquette and

      also in pig iron manufacture, tobacco fluecuring, gas absorbent

      cotton etc.


      1.1 STRUCTURE OF COIR PITH


      Lignin and cellulose work together to provide a structural function

      in plants

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      • Factors limiting market growth
      • Current market trends
      • Market structure
      • Key highlights

      Overview of key market forces propelling and restraining market growth:

      • Up-to-date analyses of market trends and technological improvements
      • Pin-point analyses of market competition dynamics to offer you a competitive edge major competitors
      • An array of graphics, BEP analysis of major industry segments
      • Detailed analyses of industry trends
      • A well-defined technological growth with an impact-analysis
      • A clear understanding of the competitive landscape and key product segments

      Need Customized Project Report?

      1. Ask for FREE project related details with our consultant/industry expert.
      2. Share your specific research requirements for customized project report.
      3. Request for due diligence and consumer centric studies.
      4. Still haven't found what you're looking for? Speak to our Custom Research Team

      About Engineers India Research Institute:

      EIRI Board is a single destination for all the industry, company and country reports. We feature large repository of latest industry reports, leading and niche company profiles, and market statistics prepared by highly qualified consultants and verified by a panel of experts.

      Note: We can also prepare project report on any subject based on your requirement and country. If you need, we can modify the project capacity and project cost based on your requirement.

      Our reports provide an expansive market analysis of the sector by covering areas like growth drivers, trends prevailing in the industry as well as comprehensive SWOT analysis of the sector.

      Our Clients

      Our Approach

      • Our research reports comprehensively cover Indian markets (can be modified as per your country), present investigation, standpoint and gauge for a time of five years*.
      • The market conjectures are produced on the premise of optional research and are cross-accepted through associations with the business players
      • We use dependable wellsprings of data and databases. What's more, data from such sources is handled by us and incorporated into the report

      Why buy EIRI reports?

      1. Our project reports include detailed analysis that help to get industry Present Market Position and Expected Future Demand.
      2. Offer real analysis driving variables for the business and most recent business sector patterns in the business
      3. This report comprehends the present status of the business by clarifying a complete SWOT examination and investigation of the interest supply circumstance
      4. Report gives investigation and top to bottom money related correlation of real players/competitors
      5. The report gives gauges of key parameters which foresees the business execution