Complete Technology Handbook on Biodegradable and Bioplastics Products like Tableware and Food Containers, Toilet Paper, Cassava Bags, Carry Bags, Biopet and Polylactic Acid with Detailed Manufacturing Process and Project Profiles

Complete Technology Handbook on Biodegradable and Bioplastics Products like Tableware and Food Containers, Toilet Paper, Cassava Bags, Carry Bags, Starch and Maize Based Plastics, Drinking Straw, Biopet and Polylactic Acid with Detailed Manufacturing Process and Project Profiles

ISBN: 9788189765736

Bioplastics are plastics made from renewable sources like corn starch, vegetable fats and oils, and recovered food waste. Biodegradable products are made from natural resources instead of petroleum, making them eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics.

Bioplastic is simply plastic that is created from a plant or other biological source rather than petroleum. It can be created by extracting sugar from plants like corn and sugarcane and converting it into polylactic acids (PLAs), or it can be made from microorganism-engineered polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Bioplastics are plastics made from renewable biomass sources such vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, and recovered food waste, among others. Common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics (also known as petro-based polymers), on the other hand, are made from petroleum or natural gas.

Biodegradable Products Manufacturing (Bio-Products) are all types of natural and artificial products that can be easily decomposed without causing any damage to the environment. The significant examples of Biodegradable Products are Biodegradable Plastic, Biodegradable Airline Meals, Bio-degradable Toilet Paper, Biodegradable Cups etc. It has become the need of the hour to use these products as most of the goods like Plastics take many years to decompose in nature and this affects the environment adversely with time.

This manual serves as an extensive manual for individuals interested in producing bioplastics and biodegradable items (e.g., compostable bags, plates, cups, etc.). Although the concept of bioplastics has become more popular in recent times, it was not until 1993 that the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development emphasized the necessity for sustainable alternatives to non-renewable materials like plastics.

The book contains chapters on - Biodegradable Plastics Technology, Biodegradable Plastics - Developments and Enviromental Aspects, Bioplastic Carry Bags Manufacturing Technology, BIO-PET Technology, Bio-Plastic Drinking Straws Technology, Food Packaging Applications, Starch-based, Natural Biopolymers and Foam for Food Packaging Technology, Corn and Rice Starch-based Bio-Plastics Biodegradable Plastics Technology, Bioplastics Processing of Dry Ingredients Technology, Bioplastics Recycling Technology, Cassava Bags Manufacturing Technology, Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers Technology, Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Sources Technology, Biodegradable Plastics from Wheat Starch and Polylactic Acid (PLA), Starch-based Biodegradable Plastics Manufacturing Technology. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAS) Technology, Polylactic Acid (PLA) Technology, Biodegradable Tableware Manufacturing, Biodegradable Plates Manufacturing, Biodegradable Toilet Paper Manufacturing, Biodegradable Polyolefins Technology, Starch for Packaging Technology, Photographs of Plant and Machinery, Plant Economics of 100% Biodegradable Bioplastic, Plant Economics of Bagasse Tableware [Plates, Glass, Bowl, Food Container Etc.], Plant Economics of Biodegradable Carry Bags and Garbage Bags, Plant Economics of Biodegradable Disposable Tableware (By Using Palm Tree Products), Plant Economics of Bioplastic Production from Natural Carbohydrates e.g. Cassava, Corn, Sago, Banana etc., Plant Economics of Fully Automatic Paper Straw (Eco Friendly) Manufacturing Plant, Plant Economics of Oxo Biodegradable Carry Bags, Plant Economics of Wheat Straw, Corn, Cassava Starch or Bagasse Tableware Manufacturing.

Chapter 1

Biodegradable Plastics Technology

Introduction

Properties of biodegradable plastics

Main applications from biodegradable plastics

Bottles

Food containers and trays

The types of biodegradable plastics are:

Biodegradable Vs. Compostable

Definition of Biodegradable

Definition of Compostable

Biodegradable and Compostable Plastics

Pros of Biodegradable and Compostable Plastics

Cons of Biodegradable and Compostable Plastics

Choosing Biodegradable vs. Compostable Products

Bio-Based Plastics

Applications

Bioplastic Packaging

Bioplastics for Consumer Electronics

Food Service

Medical

Aerospace and Automotive

Cosmetics

Types of bioplastic

What are the raw materials for bioplastics?

What are the advantages of bioplastics?

They use diverse feedstocks

They have lots of uses

Renewable Resources

Biopolymers

Introduction

Protein-Based Natural Polymers

Proteins-Based Natural Polymers from an Animal Resource

Protein-Based Natural Polymers from Plant Resources

Polysaccharide-Based Natural Polymers

Polysaccharide-Based Natural Polymers from an Animal Resource

Polysaccharide-Based Natural Polymers from Plant Resource

Lipid-Based Natural Polymers

Proteins

Bags for fruit and vegetables

Garbage bags

Coffee capsules

Packaging

Disposable tableware

Biogenic Materials

The Challenges of Biogenic Materials

Plant Oils

Monomers

Natural Monomers

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Glucose and Related Sugars

Isoprene

Chapter 2

Biodegradable Plastics - Developments and Environmental Aspects

Biodegradable

The ASTM Definition of ‘Biodegradable’

ASTM & ISO Definitions on Environmentally Degradable Plastics

Anaerobic conditions

Aerobic conditions

European Union standards

Aerobic conditions

Future European standards

British standards

Compostable

Treehugger

‘Compostable’ is Defined by the ASTM

Hydro-biodegradable plastics

Photo-biodegradable plastics

Bio-erodable

Biodegradable Starch-based Polymers

Starch blending

Starch/PVA

Starch/PLA

Starch/PCL

Starch/PHB-HV

Starch/PB Sandstarch/PBSA

Ternary Blends

Thermoplastic Starch

Starch Synthetic Aliphatic Polyester Blends

Starch PBS/PBSA Polyester Blends

Starch PVOH Blends

Cellulose-Based Polymers

Cellulose Esters

Biodegradable Polyester Family

PHA (Naturally Produced) Polyesters

Developments

Applications

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties

PHBH (Naturally Produced) Polyesters

Developments

Applications

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties

PLA (Renewable Resource) Polyesters

Developments

Applications

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties

PCL (Synthetic Aliphatic) Polyesters

PBS (Synthetic Aliphatic) Polyesters

Developments

Applications

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties

Modified PET

Degradation Mechanisms and Properties

Developments

Applications

Other Degradable Polymers

Water Soluble Polymers

Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Copolymer (VAE)

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH)

Uses

Distinctive and Unique Properties

Processing of PVOH

Recyclability of PVOH

The Future Role of PVOH

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Emulsions (EVA)

Features

Application

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)

Polyanionic Cellulose (PAC)

Controlled Degradation Additive Masterbatches

Definition

Components

Polymer Carrier

Additives

Benefits of using additive masterbatch

Precision and consistency

Cost efficiency

Customization

Improved processing

Enhanced product performance

Different types of additive masterbatch

Lubricating additive masterbatch

Flexible plasticized additive masterbatch

Stability-enhancing additive masterbatch

Longevity-boosting plastic anti-aging additives

Dust-repelling anti-static additive masterbatch

Fire retardant additives for plastic safety

Porosity-increasing additives for finished products

Deodorizing additives for consumer comfort

Emerging Application Areas of biodegradable plastics

Coated Paper

Agricultural Mulch Film

Shopping Bags

Food Waste Film and Bags

Consumer Packaging Materials

Landfill Cover Film

Other Applications

Standards and test methods

Biodegradation Standards and Tests

American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM D5338-93 (Composting)

ASTM D5209-91 (Aerobic, Sewer Sludge)

ASTM D5210-92 (Anaerobic, Sewage Sludge)

ASTM D5511-94 (High-solids Anaerobic Digestion)

ASTM Tests for Specific Disposal Environments

International Standards Research

International Standards Organisation

European Committee for Normalisation

‘OK Compost’ Certification and Logo

Compost Toxicity Tests

Plant Phytotoxicity Testing

Animal Toxicity Test

Difference Between Standards for Biodegradation

Development of Australian Standards

Disposal Environments

Composting Facilities and Soil Burial

Key Factors Defining Compostability

Physical Persistence

Chemical Persistence

Toxicity

Effect on Quality of Compost

Anaerobic Digestion

Waste Water Treatment Plants

Reprocessing Facilities

Landfills

Marine and Freshwater Environments

Litter

Plastics Sorting and Reprocessing

Key Issues

Recyclable Plastics Sorting Considerations

Reprocessing Considerations

Polyolefin Reprocessing 

Polyethylene Reprocessing

Potential Positive Environmental Impacts

Composting

Landfill Degradation

Energy Use

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

Pollution of Aquatic Environments

Increased Aquatic BOD

Water Transportable Degradation Products

Risk to Marine Species

Litter

Compost Toxicity

Recalcitrant Residues

Aromatic Compounds

Additives and Modifiers

Isocyanate Coupling Agents

Plasticisers

Fillers

Catalyst Residues

Prodegradants and Other Additives

Source of Raw Materials

Development of Australian Standards and Testing

Life-Cycle Assessment

Minimisation of Impact on Reprocessing

Determination of Appropriate Disposal Environments

Education

Chapter 3

Bioplastic Carry Bags Manufacturing Technology

Product Description

Product Uses

Raw Material Requirement

Benefits of Starting a Biodegradable Plastic Bag Business

Types of Biodegradable Plastic Bag

Advantages of Using Biodegradable Bags

Manufacturing Process

Indian Standards For The Product

Biodegradable Plastic Bags Raw Material

Plant & Machinery

License & Approvals

Bioplastics

Environmental Impact of Plastic Waste

Types of Plastics Commonly Used and Their Properties

Plastic Recycling Overview

Benefits of Recycling Plastic

Different Types of Plastic Recycling Processes

Mechanical recycling

Chemical recycling

Feedstock recycling

Pyrolysis

Biodegradation

Challenges of Plastic Recycling

The plastic recycling process steps

Collection + distribution

Sorting + categorizing

Washing

Shredding

Identification and separation of plastics

Extruding + compounding

types of plastic

Number 1: PETE (or PET) – Polyethylene Terephthalate

Number 2: HDPE – High-Density Polyethylene

Number 3: PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride

Number 4: LDPE – Low-Density Polyethylene

Number 5: PP – Polypropylene

Number 6: PS – Polystyrene

Number 7: Other

Chapter 4

BIO-PET Technology

characteristics of Bio-PET

BioPET as a replacement for Virgin PET

New developments in PET packaging

Biodegradable plastics

Bio-Based Polymers

Biodegradable Packaging Options: Biopolymers and Bioplastics

features of Bio-based polyester

Carbon sequestration

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions

More sustainable

Range of applications

Promising barrier and mechanical properties

The Benefits of Biopolymer Bottles

Biopolymer Bottle Types

Bottle-to-bottle Recycling

Development of the “Bottle to Bottle” Horizontal Recycling System

Adoption of F-to-P direct recycling technology

“Bottle to Bottle” Horizontal Recycling Progress Through Packaging Improvements

Washing Line

Pelletizing

Continuous SSP

Chapter 5

Bio-Plastic Drinking Straws Technology

Benefits of Switching to Biodegradable Straws

Types of biodegradable straws

Paper straws

PHA straw

PLA straw

Reed straws

Wheat straws

Cornstarch straws

Bamboo straw

Sugarcane Bagasse Straws

Environmental Benefits of Sugarcane Straws

Advantages of Sugarcane Straws over Paper 

Straws

Not Soggy

Heat Resistant

Food Safe

Technology Process

Pulp cooking process

Pulp washing process

Pulp bleaching process

Chemi-mechanical pulping process

Making Eco-Friendly Rice Straws

Rice straw production process

Produce rice starch

Weigh and mix rice starch

Steam

Shape

Dry

Check the quality and pack

Biodegradable rice drinking straw processing line manufacturing process

Biodegradable Sugarcane Straws for Drinks

Technical Parameters

Operations:

Chapter 6

Food Packaging Applications

Bio-based Plastics in Food Packaging

Advantages of Bio-based Food Packaging

Polymers Produced from Biomass

Starch

Polylactic acid (PLA)

Chitosan

Microalgae polysaccharides

Alginate

Lignin

Pectin

Carrageenan

Polymers from Bio-derived Monomers

Polymer Packaging Materials

Petroleum based plastic materials

Biobased Packaging Material

Microbially Originated Polymers

Polymers Produced from Micro-Organisms

Polysaccharides

Other biopolymers

Mass production and customization

Properties of Packaging Materials

Gas Barrier Properties

Glass

Metals

Plastic

Laminates

Additives and enhanced packaging

Types of Barrier Properties

Gas Barrier

Moisture Barrier

Light Barrier

Microbial Barrier

Mechanical Recycling of Bioplastics

Biodegradability

Packaging Products from Bio based Materials

Biodegradable packaging: developments and challenges

Chapter 7

Starch-based, Natural Biopolymers and Foam for Food Packaging Technology

Starch-based Packaging Materials

Cellulose-based Packaging Materials

Chitosan and Pectin-based Packaging Materials

Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based Packaging Materials

Polylactic Acid-based Packaging Materials

Bionanocomposites in Food Packaging

Properties of Polylactic Acid Bionanocomposites

Biodegradable Polymeric Foams

Development of Polymeric Foams 

Sustainable Food Packaging using Bio-based Polymeric Foams

Processing Technology for Foam Fabrication

Physical/Soluble Foaming

Casting and Leaching

Foaming using Gases

Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS)

Reactive Foaming

Foam Packaging

Developments in Sustainable Foams

Chapter 8

Corn and Rice Starch-based Bio-Plastics Biodegradable Plastics Technology

Introduction

Extraction of Starch

Preparation of Bioplastics Film

Characterization

Tensile Test

Thickness Measurement

Test for Moisture Content

Water Solubility Test

Water Contact Angle Measurement

Biodegradability Test

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Thermogravimetric Analysis

Sealing Properties of Bioplastics

Tensile Properties

Bioplastic Thickness

Moisture Content

Water Solubility

Water Contact Angle

Biodegradability Properties

Thermogravimetry Analysis

Sealing Properties of Bioplastics

Starch: The Future of Sustainable Packaging

Starch blends with compostable polymers:

Antimicrobial packaging film

Starch based nanocomposite films

Heat sealing packaging

Starch grafted emulsions for packaging:

Chapter 9

Bioplastics Processing of Dry Ingredients Technology

Introduction

Ingredient Properties Affecting Feedrates and Dry Ingredients Handling

Name

Bulk Density

Particle Form

Particle Size

Angle of Repose

Angle of Slide

Packing and Compaction

Packing, By Pressure

Compacting, By Vibration

Moisture Content

Storage Hoppers and Ingredient Activation

Vibration

Internal Stirring Agitation

Concentric Screw Agitation

External Agitation (Flexible Hopper)

Volumetric Feeders

Single Screw Feeders - Sizing and Feed Rate Calculation

Screw Sizing

Screw Fill Efficiency

Feed Rate Calculation

Feeder Selection

Spiral Screw

Blade Screw

Twin Screw Feeders

Twin Concave Screws

Vibrating Tray Feeders

Belt Feeders

Loss-In-Weight Feeders

Scale

Feed Device

Weigh Hopper

Feeder Controller

Refill Device

Principle of Operation-Continuous Feeding from a Loss-In Weight Feeder

Loss-In-Weight Feeding Helpful Comments

Refilling a Loss-In-Weight Feeder

Venting a Loss-In-Weigh Feeder

In Plant Vibration Effects on Feeder Performance

Temperature Effects in Feeder Performance

Scale Stabilization Time

Flexible Connections

Special Feeders for BioPlastics Ingredients

Bio Ingredients-Typical Physical Characteristics

The Physical Characteristics Aggravate Controlled Rate Feeding

Fibers Need to be Tested in Feeders to Determine How They Can Be Fed

Start with a Traditional Feeding Device, Example a Screw Feeder

Feeder Control and Checking the Feed Rate

Ingredient Storage and Keeping the Feeder Full

Chapter 10

Bioplastics Recycling Technology

Introduction

Recycling Routes

Recycling material

Mechanical Recycling

Chemical Recycling

Chemical Recycling strategies

Biodegradation/composting

Biological recycling

Incineration

Anaerobic digestion

Energy recovery

Landfill

Leakage into the environment

Comparative overview of end-of-life options

Chapter 11

Cassava Bags Manufacturing Technology

Opportunities

Manufacturing Process of Eco-Friendly Cassava Bags

Production of Granules

Film Production

Production of Bags

Types of Cassava Bags

Cassava Grip-Hole Bags

Cassava T-shirt Bags

Cassava Garbage Bags

Pros and Cons of Cassava Bags

The Benefits of Cassava Bags

Biodegradable Cassava Eco-Friendly Bags

Edible

Biodegradable

Compostable

Versatile

The Disadvantages of Cassava Bags

Produce Methane

Extensive Manufacturing

Plastics from Potato Waste

Potato starch bioplastic applications

Potato starch bioplastic pros and cons

Pros

Biodegradability

Renewable resource

Lower carbon footprint

Versatility

Biocompatibility

Consumer appeal

Cons

Cost

Limited durability

Production challenges

Competing uses for raw materials

Limited recycling options

Biodegradation time

How to make bioplastic from potato starch?

Step 1: Prepare the materials

Step 2: Extract the Starch

Step 3: Mix the potato starch and water

Step 4: Heat the mixture

Step 5: Add glycerol and vinegar

Step 6: Pour the mixture into a mold

Step 7: Remove the bioplastic from the mold

Chapter 12

Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers Technology

Introduction

Objective of the present invention

Preferred Embodiments

Claims

Chapter 13

Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Sources Technology

Raw Material of Bioplastics

Bioplastic Classification

Non-biodegradable bioplastics

Partially biodegradable or durable bioplastics

Compostable plastics

Chemical Ingredients of Bioplastics

Polylactic Acids (PLA)

Polyhydoxyalkaneoates (PHA)

Uses and Application of Bioplastics

Bioplastic Manufacturing

Additives and Modifiers for Biopolymers

Toughness

Processability

Heat Resistance

Foamability

Mechanical Properties

Processing Biodegradable Polymers

Introduction

Injection Molding

NatureWorksIngeo Series

Compression Molding

Film Casting

Chapter 14

Biodegradable Plastics from Wheat Starch and Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Introduction

Starch based Bio-plastic

Advantages of plastic bags made from wheat starch

Disadvantages and challenges of wheat starch-based plastic bags

Minh Sang Packaging Provides high-quality wheat starch plastic bags

Wheat Janeng starch

Wheat starch and polypropylene

Wheat straw

Wheat gluten

Wheat Biocomposite

Wheat Biocomposite Advantages and Applications

Wheat Biocomposite Fabrication

Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Its Composites

PLA Structure

Properties of PLA

PLA Production

Direct Polycondensation

Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP)

Modified PLA

Copolymers

Blending with Nano composites

Blending with Other Polymers

PLA Degradation

PLA Composite Materials

Natural Fibers

Cellulose Nanocrystals

Lignin

Silk Fiber

PHA

PBAT

Methods for Manufacturing PLA-Based Composites

Microcellular Injection Molding

Extrusion Molding

Compression Molding

PLA Composites for Sports Applications

Sportswear

Helmets

Protective Sports Gear

Surfboards

Sports Medicine Tools

3D Printed Sports Equipment

Limitations of PLA Composites in Sports Applications

Chapter 15

Starch-based Biodegradable Plastics Manufacturing Technology

Introduction

Reason for transition from synthetic plastic materials to biobased plastic materials

Biodegradability and Compostability

Bioplastic as Packaging Material

Polylactic acid (PLA)

Cellophane

Cellulose acetate

Starch

Starch Polymer

Starch-filled Plastics 

Thermoplastic Starch

Why Use Starch as Packaging Material?

Starch: The Future of Sustainable Packaging

Starch blends with compostable polymers

Antimicrobial packaging film

Starch based nanocomposite films

Heat sealing packaging

Starch grafted emulsions for packaging

Processing of sample (Bioplastic Preparation)

Bioplastic from Potato starch

Bioplastic from Cassava starch

Bioplastic from Corn starch

Bioplastic from Banana peel

Bioplastic from Mangoseed

Degradation by burring in soil

Degradation by amylase enzyme

Ash test

Water uptake activity

Chapter 16

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAS) Technology

Introduction

General Characteristics of PHAs

Benefits of Bioplastics and PHAs in Particular

Extraction methods

Solvent recovery

Green solvent recovery

Enzymatic recovery

Animal recovery methods

Isolation and screening

Reagents Preparation

Trace Elements Solutions

HCl (=35%) Solution Preparation

Media Preparation

PHA Detecting Agar

Nutrient Broth and Nutrient Agar

Fermentation Medium

Seed Culture Preparation

Sample Collection

Waste Collection

Submerged Fermentation for PHA Production

Extraction of PHA Produced during Fermentation

Quantification of Produced PHA

Characterization of the Extracted PHA by FTIR

Molecular Identification of the Most Efficient PHA Producing Strain

Optimization of Cultural Conditions

PHA Film Preparation

Statistical Analysis

Chapter 17

Polylactic Acid (PLA) Technology

Introduction

Manufacturing of PLA products

Benefits of PLA products

The environmental benefits

The food packaging benefits

(Biodegradable) Starch based plastics

Starch based films

Biodegradable (and bio-based) films

Flexible films based on biodegradable polyesters

Trays and other thermoformed products (Bio-Based)

Other packaging products (Bio-Based)

PLA packaging products

Optical Properties

Chapter 18

Biodegradable Tableware Manufacturing

Manufacturing Bio-Degradable Cutlery From Sugarcane Bagasse

Manufacturing Process of Bio-Degradable cutlery from Sugarcane Bagasseis

Sugarcane bagasse waste for food packaging

How is biodegradable bagasse Cutlery made?

Advantages of Bio-Degradable Cutlery from Sugarcane Bagasse

Applications of Bio-Degradable cutlery from Sugarcane Bagasse

Machines Used to Manufacture Bagasse Tableware

Automatic Tableware Forming Machine

Tableware Edge Trimming Machine

Production Molds

Cornstarch Tableware

Advantages of disposable degradable tableware:

Bamboo Tableware

Manufacturing process of bamboo tableware

Types of kitchenware that can be made using bamboo

Cutting board

Bamboo tea infuser

Bamboo rolling pin

Bamboo chopsticks

Bamboo cutlery

Benefits of using bamboo based tableware

Environmentally friendly

Durable and versatile

Say goodbye to scratches on pots and pans

Palm Leaf Tableware

Introduction

The Natural Elegance

Unveiling the Aesthetics of Palm Leaf Plates

Unique Texture and Visual Appeal

Sustainable Beauty

Crafting Process

Harvesting and Selecting Palm Leaves

Handcrafting Techniques

Eco-Friendly Production

Versatility in Use

Ideal for Various Occasions

Serving Culinary Delights

Perfect for Events and Parties

Biodegradability

Breaking Down the Environmental Impact

Comparison with Other Disposable Plates

Cultural Significance

Historical Roots

Symbolism in Different Cultures

Modern Adoption and Popularity

Sustainable Living

Contributing to a Greener Planet

Supporting Local Communities

Palm Leaf Plates in the Circular Economy

Maintaining Quality

Storage and Shelf Life

Resistance to Heat and Moisture

Manufacturing: Turning Leaves into Plates

Plate Making Machine

Chapter 19

Biodegradable Plates Manufacturing

Characteristics of Bagasse

Renewable

Compostable

Easily Available

Benefits of using biodegradable plates

Easy composting

Safe to use with microwave

Highly energy efficient

Nontoxic

Saves Non-renewable Sources of Energy

Reduces Carbon Emission

Provides an Eco-Friendly Solution

Manufacturing Process of Areca Leaf Plates

Collecting Raw Material

Drying the Areca Sheath

Cleaning the Areca Sheath

The Areca Leaf Plate Making Machine

Pressing the Plates

Waste Sheaths

Grading the Areca Leaf Plates

Chapter 20

Biodegradable Toilet Paper Manufacturing

Types of Biodegradable Toilet Paper

The Toilet Paper Manufacturing Process

Making toilet paper from the trees

Steps:

Chapter 21

Biodegradable Polyolefins Technology

Introduction

General procedure for grafting of sugars onto poly(styrene maleic anhydride)

Determination of biodegradability of polymers using aerobic microorganisms

Supplementary Data

Weight loss data

FTIR Spectral Data:

Quantification of carbohydrate groups linked to poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) by silylation of the carbohydrate hydroxyl’s and NMR anlysis of the spectrum

Molecular weight decrease after biodegradation by GPC

Chapter 22

Starch for Packaging Technology

Bioplastic as Packaging Material

Cellophane

Cellulose acetate

Starch

Food packaging characteristics

Bioplastic packaging

Recent Advances in Starch Based Composites for Packaging Applications

Antimicrobial packaging film:

Plasticized Starch and Fiber Reinforced Composites for Packaging Applications

Protein-Starch Based Plastic Produced by Extrusion and Injection Molding

Temperature

Moisture

Genetically modified bioplastics

Chapter 23

Photographs of Plant and Machinery

Biodegradable Bag Making Machine

Corn Starch Biodegradable Bag Machine

Biodegradable or Compostable machine

Biodegradable Carry Bag Cutting and Sealing Machine

Biodegradable Carry Bag Machine

Description

Biodegradable Plastic Film Machine

Blown Film Machine

Areca Leaf Plate Machine

Betel Leaf Plate Machine

Areca Food Container Machine

Bagasse Tableware Pulp Molding Machine

Egg Tray Machine

Straw Making Machine

Chapter 24

Plant Economics of 100% Biodegradable Bioplastic

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 25

Plant Economics of Bagasse Tableware (Plates, Glass, Bowl, Food Container etc.)

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 26

Plant Economics of Biodegradable Carry Bags and Garbage Bags

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 27

Plant Economics of Biodegradable Disposable Tableware (By Using Palm Tree Products)

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 28

Plant Economics of Bioplastic Production from Natural Carbohydrates e.g. Cassava, Corn, Sago, Banana etc.

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 29

Plant Economics of Fully Automatic Paper Straw (Eco Friendly) Manufacturing Plant

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 30

Plant Economics of Oxo Biodegradable Carry Bags

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 31

Plant Economics of Wheat Straw, Corn, Cassava Starch or Bagasse Tableware Manufacturing

Land & Building

Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital

Working Capital Requirement/Month

Total Capital Investment

Turn Over/Annum