Complete Technology Handbook on Air Pollution (Prevention, Control, Engineering, Management, Environmental Impact)

Complete Technology Handbook on Air Pollution (Prevention, Control, Engineering, Management, Environmental Impact)

Book contains the following chapters: Historical Overview of the Development of Clean Air Regulations, Clean Air Act, Air Pollution Mitigation and Global Dimming, Indoor Air Pollution, Pollution Control Technologies, Control of Particulate Matter in Gaseous Emissions, Basic Concepts of the Gas Phase, Emission Sampling and Analysis, Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring Systems (OCEMS), Dust-Particle Formation and Characteristics, Dust Collection: Uses, Types and Benefits, Mechanical and Cyclonic Collectors, Gas Filtration, Electrostatic Precipitators, Design and Application of Wet Scrubbers, Membrane Separation, Control of Carbon Monoxide and Volatile Organic Compounds, including Condensation, Adsorption of Gaseous Pollutants, Atmospheric Diffusion Modelling for Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permit Regulations, Ambient Air Quality and Continuous Emissions Monitoring, Profitability and Engineering Economics, Odour Emission Control, Process Design and the Strategy of Process Design, Different Bioremediation Approaches to Hexavalent Chromium, Health Effect of Pollutants, Technologies for Controlling Particulate Matter Emissions from Industries, Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Control, Pollution Control through Efficient Combustion Technology, Combustion Fundamentals, Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Combustion, Thermal and Catalytic Combustion, Management of Combustible Waste, Waste Incineration Technology, Pollution Control in Industrial Processes, Control of Pollution in Power Generation, Air Pollution Control Technologies for Gaseous Pollutants, Control Technologies for Volatile Organics, Hydro-carbons and Hydrogen Sulphide, Air Pollution Control Technologies for Oxides of Sulphur, Air Pollution Control Technologies for Oxides of Nitrogen, Control of Pollution in the Oil and Petroleum Industry, Control of Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry, Control of Pollution in the Non-Ferrous Metals Industry, Control of Pollution in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Transportation Risk Assessment for Hazardous Materials to Improve Urban Disaster Prevention, Control of Exhaust Emissions from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles, Catalytic Converters and Other Emission Control Devices, Air Pollution by Automobiles and its Control Technologies, Zero Emission Vehicles Contribution, Absorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control, Biological Waste Gas Cleaning in a Pilot-Scale Biofilter with Different Filter Material and Modeling a Hybrid Process of Adsorption and Biofiltration, Thermal Oxidation for Volatile Organic Compounds Control, Urban Air Pollution and Control, Green Plants & Avenue Trees.

ISBN: 9788199282797

Chapter 1

Historical Overview of the Development of Clean Air Regulations

• A Brief History of the Air Pollution Problem 
• Federal Involvement in Air Pollution Control 
• Characterizing the Atmosphere 
• Temperature decreases with altitude 
• Recipe for an Air Pollution Problem 
• Sources of Air Pollution 
• Meteorological Parameters Affecting Transport of Pollutants 
• The Global Burden of Disease 
• The Effects of Air Pollution 
• Smog and soot 
• Hazardous air pollutants 
• Greenhouse gases 
• Pollen and mold 
• Contents-cum-Index
• Diseases 
• Global Warming 
• Acid Rain 
• Ozone Layer Depletion 
• Effect on Animals 
• Health impacts of airpollution 

Chapter 2

Clean Air Act 

• The Roman Empire and Air Quality 
• England, 1610: Aldred’s Case 
• Torts, Trespasses, and Nuisances: Pollution Control by Litigation 
• Problems with the Common Law Approach to Fighting Air Pollution 
• A Push for Regulation Begins in the 19th Century 
• 19th Century Citizen Groups Arise to Fight Air Pollution 
• Local Governments Work to Limit “Smoke” 
• The Proof is in the Science 
• The 1950s Created a Need for Pollution Controls 
• Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 
• Clean Air Act of 1963
• Amendments of 1967 (Air Quality Act)
• The Clean Air Act of 1970 
• EPA Gives CAA Legs on Which to Stand 
• New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 
• “Criteria” Pollutants 
• State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 
• 1990 clean air act amendments 
• Introduction 
• Air Quality Analysis 
• Introduction 
• Causes of Air Pollution 
• Type of Pollutants in ambient air 
• Proposed Work 
• Methodology 
• Descriptive Analysis 
• Future Scope 

Chapter 3

Air Pollution Mitigation and Global Dimming 

• Introduction to Global Dimming
• Introduction to Mitigation 
• Mitigation strategies 
• National Clean Air Programme 
• Measures for control of vehicular emissions 
• Measures for control of industrial emission 
• Measures for control of emissions from Stubble Burning 
• Actions taken by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 
• Air Quality Monitoring and Network 
• Measures for control of vehicular refueling emissions 
• Measures for control of industrial emission 
• Measures for Control of Emissions from Stubble Burning 
• MSW and C&D Waste 
• Technical Interventions 
• Close Monitoring & Ground level implementation 
• Regular StakeholderConsultation, Public & Media Outreach 
• Regulatory Actions 
• Other actions 

Chapter 4

Indoor Air Pollution 

• Introduction 
  
• Causes indoor air pollution 
• Tobacco smoke 
• Cooking stoves 
• Cleaning products 
• Mould 
• Pet dander 
• Dust and indoor air pollution 
• Indoor Pollutants and Sources 
• Carbon Monoxide 
• Health Effects Associated with Carbon Monoxide 
• Levels in Homes 
• Steps to Reduce Exposure to Carbon Monoxide 
• Indoor Particulate Matter 
• Health Effects of Inhalable Particles 
• Indoor PM Sources 
• Particles in Your Indoor Air and Strategies to Improve Indoor Air Quality 
• Steps to Reduce Exposure to Indoor PM 
• Secondhand Smoke and Electronic-Cigarette Aerosols
• Secondhand Exposure 
• Reducing Exposure Indoors 
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Introduction 
• Sources of VOCs 
• Health Effects 
• Levels in Homes 
• Steps to Reduce Exposure 
• Follow label instructions carefully.
• Buy limited quantities 

Chapter 5

Pollution Control Technologies 

• Importance of pollution control
  
• technologies 
• Different types of pollution
• control technologies 
• Air pollution control 
• Electrostatic precipitator 
• Catalytic oxidation 
• Scrubbers 
• Baghouses 
• Catalytic converters 
• Air Pollution Control Technology
• Review: Biological
• Control 
• Clean Air Act 
• Prevention of Significant
• Deterioration (PSD) 
• Best Available Control
• Technology (New or
• Modified Pollutant
• Sources) 
• Regional Haze Rule 

Chapter 6

Control of Particulate Matter in Gaseous Emissions 

• Introduction 
• Properties of Gases 
• Compressibility 
• Expansibility 
• Diffusibility 
• Low Density 
• Exertion of Pressure 
• Gas Laws 
• Boyle’s Law 
• Charle’s Law 
• Gay-Lussac Law 
• Avogadro’s Law 
• Avogadro’s Law 
• Combined Gas Law 
• Ideal Gas Law 
• Sources of PM 
• Harmful Effects of PM 
• Particulate Matter (PM) Air Quality Standards 
• Absorption and Adsorption  Fluid Mechanics Terminology 
• Removal of HAP and VOC by Absorption and Adsorption 
• Emission Testing Procedures 
• General Testing Requirements 

Chapter 7

Basic Concepts of the Gas Phase 

• Introduction 
  
• Elementary Particles in Chemistry and Physics . 
• Molecules 
• Atoms – Chemical Elements 
• Ionic and Covalent Bonding 
• Chemical Reactivity of Atoms8
• Free Radicals 
• The states of Aggregation 
• The Solid-Liquid-Gaseous State of Aggregation 
• Allotropy – Associated Molecules 
• Phase - Phase Diagrams -Phase Transitions 
• Components 
• Kinetic Theory of Gases 
• The Factors that Affect the Behavior of Gases 
• Ideal Gas Properties and Characteristics 

Chapter 8

Emission Sampling and Analysis

• Introduction 
  
• Emissions Testing: Planning a Sampling Program 
• Emissions Sampling 
• Health and Safety Precautions 
• Designing a Sampling Program 
• Preliminary site inspection 
• Numbers of samples and sampling times 
• Manual Sampling 
• Sampling emissions for particles 
• Sampling emissions for gases 
• Sampling emissions for organic compounds 
• Emission Monitoring 
• Semi-continuous emission monitoring 
• Continuous emission monitoring 
• Continuous emission monitoring for particles 
• Continuous emission monitoring for organic compounds 
• Measurement Techniques for Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutant 
• Techniques / Instrumentation for Online PM Monitoring 
• In-situ systems 
• Limitations of measurement 
• Limitations of technology 
• Techniques/ Instrumentation for Online Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring 
• Non Dispersive Infrared (NDIR)
• Photoacoustic Detector.
• Gas Filter Correlation (GFC) NDIR 
• Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) 
• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Chapter 9

Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring Systems (OCEMS) 

• Introduction 
  
• Hardware Design 
• Carbon Dioxide Sensors 
• H2S Sensor
• Methane Sensor 
• B. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 
• Carbon monoxide (CO) 
• Methane (CH4) 
• Execution Flow 
• Ease Of Use 
• Key Features 
• Description 
• Main Advantages 

Chapter 10

Dust-Particle Formation and Charac-teristics

• Impact of Dust Particles 
• Sources of Inhalable Air Pollution:
• Mitigation Strategies 
• Formation of dust particles 
• Composition and Size of Dust Particles
• Sources of dust particles 
• Natural sources 
• Human-made sources 
• Types of dust particles 
• Categorising Dust Particles by Size 
• Categorising Dust Particles by Composition
• Monitoring Dust Particle Levels 
• How dust particles can transport harmful pollutants 
• Mechanisms of Pollutant Transport 
• Transportation and Impact 
• Examples of Pollutant Transportation 
• Mitigation Strategies 
• The role of dust particles in climate change 
• Direct Radiative Effects 
• Indirect Radiative Effects 
• Impact on Precipitation Patterns .
• Long-term ClimateChange 
• Particle Sizes and Size Distribution 
• Droplet Size 
• Chemical Characteristics 
• Organic composition.
• Elemental Composition 

Chapter 11

Dust Collection: Uses, Types and Benefits..

• Introduction 
  
• Dust Collection Process 
• Types 
• Inertial separators 
• Settling chamber .
• Baffle chamber 
• Centrifugal collectors 
• Fabric filters 
• Wet scrubbers 
• Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) 
• Unit collectors 
• How a Dust Collection System Works 
• How a Dust Collection System Works 
• Dust Collection Ductwork 
• Fans or Blowers 
• Dust Filter 
• Dust Filter Cleaning System 
• Dust Collection Receptacle 149
• Cartridge Dust Collection Systems 
• Wet Scrubber Dust Collection Systems 
• Ambient Dust Collection System 
• Needlepoint Bipolar Ionization (NPBI) 
• Explosion-Proof Dust Collector 
• Benefits of a Dust Collection System 
• Fire Suppression 
• Explosion Proofing 
• Odor Reduction 
• Respiratory Health 
• Personal Safety 
• Worker Morale 
• Governmental Regulations 
• Manufacturing Operations that Use Dust Collection Systems 
• Dust Collection in Plasma Cutting 
• Dust Collection in Welding .
• Dust Collection in Woodworking 
• Dust Collection in Food Processing 
• Dust Collection in Mining 
• Dust Collection in Fiberglass
• Dust Collection in Foundry 
• Dust Collection in Coating 
• Dust Collection in Pharmaceuticals 
• Dust Collection in Recycling Facilities 

Chapter 12

Mechanical and Cyclonic Collectors

• The working of a dust collector system 
• The Industrial Dust Collector Working Principle 
• The popular type of Dust Collection Systems 
• Pulse Jet Collectors 
• Reverse Cassette Air Type Filter 
• Cyclone Dust Collector 
• Multi Clone Dust Collector
• Cyclone Separator 
• Water Sprinkler 
• Frame 
• Castor Wheels 
• Blower 
• Mechanical Dust Collector Key Features 
• Design parameters available 
• Experimental calculations 
• Application of concept 

Chapter 13

Gas Filtration .

• Understanding Gas Filters and Their Functionality.
• The Importance of Gas Filter Maintenance 
• The Applications and Benefits of Gas Filtration Systems 
• Core Components 
• Design and Features 
• Filtration in gas processing systems 
• Know your contaminants 
• Filtration principles 
• Maintaining systems 
• Accurate data.
• Gas Filtration Test Skid 
• Industrial filtration: Secondary aerosol formation in air filtration 
• The problem of SA and LA .187
• Filtering of secondary aerosols 
• Industry testing 
• Hot gas filters 
• Advantages of hot gas filters 

Chapter 14

Electrostatic Precipitators 

• Working Principle of Electro-static Precipitator 
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages of electrostatic precipitator: 
• Disadvantages of electrostatic precipitator.
• Electrostatic Precipitator Applications 
• Monitoring by Control Technique - Electrostatic Precipitators 
• Key considerations in the design of electrostatic precipitators? 
• Discharge Electrodes 
• Rapper Coils 
• Transformer Rectifier Unit 
• Hopper Container 
• Working process of Electr-ostatic Precipitation 

Chapter 15

Design and Application of Wet Scrubbers.

• Introduction 
  
• Key Factors That Determine a Wet Scrubber’s Effective-ness 
• What Pollutants Can a Wet Scrubber Control? 
• Inorganic Fumes, Vapors and Gases 
• Volatile Organic Compounds 
• Particulate Matter.
• Hazardous Air Pollutants .
• Uses of Wet Scrubbers 
• How Targeted Pollutants Affect Scrubber Design? 
• Packed Bed Height
• Scrubbing Liquid Type 
• Types of Wet Scrubbers 
• Chemical/gas scrubbers .
• Particulate/venturi scrubbers 
• Ammonia scrubbers 
• Chlorine scrubbers 
• Sulfuric acid scrubber 
• Liquid Flow Rate .
• Target Gas Velocity .
• Materials of Construction 
• Advantages of Wet Scrubbers 
• Relatively Low Pressure Drop 
• High Mass-Transfer Efficiencies 
• Packing Height or Type Adjustments 
• Relatively Low Capital Cost 
• Small Space Requirements 
• Collects Particulate Matter as Well as Gases 

Chapter 16

Membrane Separation 

• Introduction 
  
• Microfiltration 
• Ultrafiltration 
• Nanofiltration 
• Reverse Osmosis
• Electrodialysis 
• Pervaporation 
• Factors Affecting Membrane Separation 
• Pressure 
• Concentration 
• Temperature 
• pH levels 
• Membrane Classification 
• Membrane materials 
• Membrane structure 
• Membrane Module Configurations 
• Membrane structure and synthesis techniques 
• Symmetric membranes .
• Asymmetric membranes .
• Membranes materials 
• Inorganic membranes 
• Organic membranes 
• Interfacial polymerization 
• Phase inversion 
• Dip-coating 
• Stretching 
• Electrospinning 
• Track-etching 
• Template-leaching 
• 3D printing 

Chapter 17

Control of Carbon Monox- ide and Volatile Organic Compounds, including Condensation 

• Sources of Carbon Monoxide 
• Symptoms 
• Risk factors 
• Reducing risk 
• CO detectors 
• Oil and gas furnaces and other household appliances 
• Chimneys, charcoal, and portable appliances 
• How can carbon monoxide emissions be Controlled? 
• Volatile Organic Compounds 
• General Definition and Classifications 
• EPA Regulatory Definition of VOCs that Impact Photochemical Oxidation in Outdoor Air
• Background 
• Misunderstanding and Confusion about VOCs 
• Activities that could produce VOC emissions 
• Classifications of VOCs 
• Measurement for VOC in Indoor Air 
• Labelling of Products 
• VOC’s treatment Technologies 
• Catalytic Oxidation 
• Advantages 
• Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer 
• Advantages 
• Scrubbers 
• Advantages 
• Photo-Oxidation 
• Advantages 
• Activated Carbon Filters 
• Advantages 
• Biofilters 
• Advantages 

Chapter 18

Adsorption of Gaseous Pollutants

• Introduction 
  
• Monitoring Information 
• Absorption 
• Adsorption and Capture of Common Gases 
• Carbon Dioxide 
• Activated Carbons 
• Metal-organic Frameworks 
• Composite Materials 
• Hydrogen Sulphide 
• Carbon-based Functional Materials 
• Zeolite-based Functional Materials 
• Metal Oxide-based Functional Materials 
• MOF-based Functional Materials 
• Nitrogen Oxides 
• Carbon-based Functional Materials 
• Zeolite-based Functional Materials 
• MOF-based Functional Materials 
• Composite Materials 
• Sulfur Dioxide 
• Carbon-based Functional Materials 

Chapter 19

Atmospheric Diffusion Modelling for Preven-tion of Significant Deterioration Permit Regulations

• Introduction
  
• Inversions 
• Surface or Radiation Inversions 
• Evaporation Inversion 
• Advection Inversion 
• Subsidence Inversion 
• The Diurnal Cycle 
• Principal Smoke-Plume Models
• The Tall Stack 
• Classifying Sources by Method of Emission 
• A Definition of Tall Stacks 
• Process Stacks .
• Atmospheric-Diffusion Models 
• Other Uses of Atmospheric-Diffusion Models 
• EPA computer programs for regulation of industry 
• Screening Models 
• The New Models 
• Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Permit 
• Nonattainment New Source Review (NNSR) Permit 
• Minor New Source Review (Minor NSR) Permit 
• Permit Application & Process 
• PSD Permit Pre-Application Considerations & Planning 
• PSD Application Requirements & Submission 
• The PSD Review & Decision Process 
• Common Challenges and Pitfalls in the PSD Permit Process 
• Technology Solutions For Permit Compliance 
• Leveraging Technology for PSD Permit Compliance 
• Post-permit Compliance & Management 
• PSD Permit Conditions & Compliance Obligations 

Chapter 20

Ambient Air Quality and Continuous Emissions Monitoring 

• Basic Information about Air Emissions Monitoring 
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 
• Stationary Source Emissions Monitoring 
• Continuous Monitoring Systems 
• The Role of Technology in Air Quality Testing 
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Parameters 
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring or Testing Standards 
• Integrated Sampling Devices for Suspended Particulate Matter .
• Ambient Air Quality Testing Procedure – Dura-tion and Frequency 
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Equipment 
• High Volume Air Sampler 
• Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station 
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System manufacturers in India 
• Benefits of Ambient Air Quality Testing 
• Ambient Air Monitoring & Testing Services Company 
• Air Quality Monitor Device 

Chapter 21

Profitability and Engineer-ing Economics 

• Introduction 
  
• Profitability Analysis 
• Mathematical Methods for Profitability Evaluation 
• Incremental Rate of Return on Investments as a Measure of Profitability 
• The Effect of Depreciation 
• Tax Computation 
• Capital Investment and Total Product Cost 
• Design Development 

Chapter 22

Odour Emission Control 

• Introduction 
  
• Odorous compounds 
• Odour Control for Industrial Emissions 
• Sources of Odour 
• Odour Index 
• Odour Control Technologies 
• Mist filtration 
• Combustion / Thermal Oxidation .
• Absorption / Wet scrubbing 
• Adsorption 
• Biological oxidation 
• Odour masking 
• UV / Ozone oxidation 
• Vapor-Phase Technologies 
• Biofiltration 
• Solid Scavengers 
• Carbon Adsorption 
• Liquid-Phase Technologies 
• Bioxide Process 
• Oxidizing Agents 
• Digester Gas Treatment 

Chapter 23

Process Design and the Strategy of Process Design 

• Introduction to Process Design 
• The strategy of process design 
• Process Flowsheets 
• Mass and Energy Balances
• A mass-balance example 
• An energy-balance example

Chapter 24

Different Bioremediation Approaches to Hexavalent Chromium 

• Introduction 
  
• Microbial Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium 
• Biotransformation 
• Biosorption 
• Bioaccumulation 
• Advantages and Limitations of Cr(VI) Remediation Using Microbes 
• Large-scale Cr(VI) Bioremediation Using Bio-reactors 
• Stirred Tank Bioreactors (STRs) 
• Fixed-bed Reactors (FXRs)
• Fluidized-bed Bioreactors (FBRs) 
• AirLift Reactors (ALRs)

Chapter 25

Health Effect of Pollutants

• Lung Cancer 
  
• Asthma Attacks 
• Chronic Bronchitis 
• COPD.
• Pneumonia 
• Heart Disease .
• Mental Illness 
• Autoimmune Conditions 
• Miscarriage 
• Premature Birth 
• Premature Death.
• Learning and Memory Problems .
• Eye and Nose Irritation .

Chapter 26

Technologies for Control- ling Particulate Matter Emissions from Indus-tries 

• Introduction to industrial emissions 
• Understanding Particulate Emissions 
• Regulatory Framework 
• Source Control Measures
• Emission Control Technologies
• Filtration Systems 
• Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
• Scrubbers 
• Catalytic Converters 
• Monitoring and Compliance 
• Techniques of Air Pollution Control 
• Latest techniques of air pollution control 

Chapter 27

Indoor Air Quality Monitor-ing & Control 

• Indoor Air Quality Monitoring & Testing Procedure 
• Indoor Air Quality Testing Equipment 
• Improving Indoor Air Quality
• Regularly ventilate the place with fresh air 
• Ventilation and DCV 
• Maintain Your HVAC Systems and Air Filters
• Take Outdoor Air Quality Into Account 
• Keep Clean 
• Control Pollution Sources 
• Go VOC-free 
• UV Lights and Air Purifiers .
• Automate It! 
• Controlling the Humidity 
• Humidifiers 
• Dehumidifiers 

Chapter 28

Pollution Control through Efficient Combustion Technology 

• Combustion Concepts 
  
• History of Combustion Science 
• Combustion and Oxidation 
• Ignition 
• Flames and Flame Propagation 
• Burners 
• Advances in Combustion Technology 

Chapter 29

Combustion Fundamentals.

• Introduction 
  
• Engineering Fundamentals associated with Combustion 
• Describing Physical Quantities in a Mechanical System 
• Mass and Force 
• Fundamental Combustion Concepts 
• Ideal Gas Law 

Chapter 30

Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Combustion 

• Phenomena and Processes
• Furnace Temperature 
• Gas Velocity 
• Residence Time 
• Air Number 
• Thermal Volumetric Load 

Chapter 31

Thermal and Catalytic Combustion.

• Survey of VOCs Treatment Methods 
• Thermal Combustion 
• Technology 
• Ignition Temperature 
• Design Calculations 

Chapter 32

Management of Combus-tible Waste.

• Introduction 
  
• Some Principles in Waste Management 
• The Polluter Pays 
• Types, Origins and Quantities of Wastes 
• Elimination of Industrial Waste .
• Selection of Disposal Methods .
• Properties of Combustible Wastes .

Chapter 33

Waste Incineration Tech-nology 

• Combustion .
  
• Ash residues handling 
• Innovations in Waste Incineration 
• Advancements in Waste Incineration 
• Addressing Concerns about Waste Incineration 
• Carbon Dioxide Capture for Emissions Reduction in Waste Incineration 
• Waste Incineration with Energy Recovery 
• Advancements in Fuel Utilization and Emission Control for Waste Incineration .
• Waste incineration technology suppliers 

Chapter 34

Pollution Control in Industrial Processes 

• Introduction 
  
• Control of pollution through ‘Consent to Operate (CTO)’ process 
• Industrial waste 
• Hazardous Waste 
• Non-Hazardous Waste 
• Solid Waste 
• Liquid Waste 
• Organic Waste .
• E-Waste 
• Construction and Demolition Waste .
• Effective waste management methodologies ..

Chapter 35

Control of Pollution in Power Generation

• Introduction 
  
• Environmental Pollution from Production and Pre-combustion Processing of Fossil Fuels. 
• Composition of Fossil Fuels and Its Influence on Environmental Pollution 
• Coal Mining and Technologies for its Pollution Control
• Pre-combustion Cleaning 

Chapter-36

Air Pollution Control Technologies for Gaseous Pollutants.

• Absorption 
• Wet scrubbers and packed scrubbers .
• Flue gas desulfurization 
• Adsorption 
• Incineration 
• Carbon sequestration 
• Gaseous Contaminant Control Techniques 
• Biofiltration 
• Concentration Dependence 
• Gas Temperature Dependence.
• Multiple Contaminant Removal 
• Oxidation 
• General Applicability 
• Concentration Dependence 
• Gas Temperature 
• Multiple Contaminant Control 
• Particulate Matter Control Limitations 
• Condensation 
• Indirect (or surface) condensers 
• Biological Control 

Chapter 37

Control Technologies for Volatile Organics, Hydro-carbons and Hydrogen Sulphide 

• VOC abatement Technologies 
• Technologies VOC treatment 
• Destructive technologies 
• Non-destructive technologies 
• Hybrid technologies 

Chapter 38

Air Pollution Control Technologies for Oxides of Sulphur 

• Introduction .
  
• Sulfur Oxides 
• Environmental and Health Effects of SOx Emissions 
• SO2 Control Strategies 
• Fuel Cleaning 
• Sulfur in Fuels 
• Fuel Desulfurization 
• Desulfurizing Gaseous Fuels 
• Claus Process 
• Absorption on Iron Oxides 
• Removal of Organic Sulfur 
• Synthetic Natural Gas 
• Desulfurizing Liquid Fuels 
• Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 
• Desulfurizing Solid Fuels (see Control of Pollution in the Chemical Industry) 
• Coal Washing 
• Bergius Coal Hydrogenation Process .
• Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 
• Synthetic Gasoline 
• Flue Gas Desulfurization Technologies 

Chapter 39

Air Pollution Control Technologies for Oxides of Nitrogen 

• Nitrogen Oxides 
  
• Photochemical Smog 
• Acid Deposition 
• Sources of NOx-emissions 
• Formation of NOx 
• Formation of NO 
• Thermal-NO 
• Fuel-NO .
• Formation of NO2 

Chapter 40

Control of Pollution in the Oil and Petroleum Industry 

• Overview of the environmental impact of the petroleum industry 
• Sources of Environmental Pollution from the Petroleum Industry 
• Pollution from Exploration and Production of Crude oil and Natural Gas 
• Pollution from Storage,Manipulation, and Transportation of Petroleum Liquids 
• Mitigating Pollution 
• Soil Remediation & Pollution Control Technologies 

Chapter 41

Control of Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry 

• Introduction 
  
• Main pollutants in steel production 
• Particulate emissions 
• Greenhouse gases (GHG) 
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 
• Implementing Technological Advancements for Pollution Control 
• Introduction to Advanced Pollution Control Technologies 
• Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) for Particulate Matter Control 
• Scrubbers for Gas Cleaning 
• Baghouses for Dust Collection 
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for Nitrogen Oxide(NOx) Control 
• Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) 
• Utilising Efficient Energy Sources 
• Renewable Energy Integration 
• Energy Recovery Systems 
• Energy Efficiency Measures 
• Promoting Waste Management and Recycling 
• Steel Scrap Recycling 
• Slag and Fly Ash Utilisation 
• Water Conservation and Recycling 
• Encouraging Government Regulations and Compliance 
• Environmental Laws and  Policies 
• Compliance Monitoring and Reporting .
• Collaboration with Regulatory Authorities .

Chapter 42

Control of Pollution in the Non-Ferrous Metals Industry 

• Process Technology .
  
• Roasting 
• Smelting 
• Converting 
• Leaching 
• Electrowinning or electrorefining 
• Chemical Refining 
• Fire Refining 
• Aluminium 
• Melting .
• Moulding 
• Casting 
• Finishing 
• Air emissions 
• Aluminium Process Emissions
• Emissions Control 

Chapter 43

Control of Pollution in thePulp and PaperIndustry 

• Introduction 
  
• Technologies for Pulp and Paper Production 
• Innovations in Papermaking 
• Integration of AI and Machine Learning in Papermaking:
• MES Systems for Streamlined Operations 
• High-Density and Long-Fiber Papermaking 
• Nanotechnology for Enhanced Paper Properties 
• Customization with Small-Lot and Sparse Papermaking 
• Embracing Low-Concentration Papermaking 
• AI and Machine Learning in Papermaking 
• Advanced Technologies in Papermaking Equipment 
• Innovations in Paper Industry
• Sustainable Practices in Paper Manufacturing 
• Types of paper industry pollution 
• Water pollution 
• Waste pollution 
• Deforestation 
• Inks 
• Paper industry air pollution 
• Air Pollution 
• Occupational hazards 
• Management & Disposal of Non-Paper Solid Waste 
• Plastic waste 
• Boiler Ash 
• ETP Sludge 
• Effluent Treatment Practices in Pulp and Paper Industry 
• Reuse of Wastewater 
• Permitted Tolerance Limits 
• DeNOx systems - Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 
• Venturi and Cyclonic Scrubbers 
• Wet Scrubbers for Particulate Control 
• Venturi Scrubbers 
• Advantages 

Chapter 44

Transportation Risk Assessment for Hazardous Materials to Improve Urban Disaster Prevention 

• Route Planning For Hazmats Transport 
• Hazard Identification 
• Handling and Management of Municipal Solid Waste . 
• ISWM Facility .
• Labour Laws 
• Working Hours 
• Facilities for Staff and Labour 
• Moving/ rotating parts of machines 
• Supply of Drinking Water and Sanitation 
• Measures against Insect and Pest Nuisance .
• Festivals and Religious Customs 
• Prohibition of Harmful Child  Labour 
• Permits/ authorization  
• Working on height 
• Hot work 
• Chemical hazards 
• Employment Records of Workers 
• Disposal of excavated earth/rock during construction 
• Sanitation and housekeeping at the labour/Construction camps
• Site Selection 

Chapter 45

Control of Exhaust Emissions from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles.

• Introduction 
  
• Pollutant Emissions 
• Emission Control from In-Use Engines .
• GHG Emissions and Fuel Economy .
• Emission control systems fordiesel engine vehicles 
• Diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC) 
• Diesel particulate filter (DPF) 

Chapter 46

Catalytic Converters and Other Emission Control Devices

• Introduction 
  
• Types of Catalytic Converters 
• Types of Emission Control Systems 
• Scrubbers 
• Air Filters 
• Cyclones 
• Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 
• Mist Collectors 
• Incinerators 
• Catalytic Reactors 
• Biofilters 
• Construction of Emission Control Systems .
• Working of Emission Control System 
• Benefits of an Emission Control System 
• Applications of Emission Control Systems 
• Technologies used in spark ignition engines 
• Three-way catalyst (TWC) 
• Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) 
• Activated carbon canister 
• Technologies used in compression ignition engines 
• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) 
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 
• Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 
• Lean NOx Trap (LNT) 
• HC absorbers 
• Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) 
• Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) 

Chapter 47

Air Pollution by Automobiles and its Control Technologies .

• Motor vehicle emissions -concepts and causes .
• The internal combustion engine 
• Emissions from vehicles 
• Air quality and the transport sector 
• Vehicle technology for controlling emissions .
• Petrol-fuelled vehicles 
• Air-fuel ratio 
• Electronic control systems 
• Catalytic converters 
• Evaporative emissions and control 
• Diesel-fuelled vehicles .
• In-use vehicles 
• Fuel modifications 
• Pollution control technology 
• Burning less fuel.
• Zero-emission vehicles 
• Cleaner fuels .
• Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles 
• Emission Control Technologies 
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) .

Chapter 48

Zero Emission Vehicles Contribution 

• Public Health and the Environment 
• Batteries 
• Costs 
• Fuel Economy 
• Infrastructure Availability 
• Energy Security and Resilience 
• Lower running costs 
• Low maintenance cost 
• Zero Tailpipe Emissions 
• Protect the environment and your health 
• Cleaner air and better health .

Chapter 49

Absorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control 

• Introduction 
• Aqueous Systems 
• Nonaqueous Systems 
• Types and Arrangements of Absorption Equipment .
• Design Techniques for Countercurrent Absorption Columns 
• Regenerative thermal oxidation
• Functioning/operation of regenerative thermal oxidation 
• Catalytic oxidizers 
• Functioning/operation of a catalytic oxidizer 

Chapter 50

Biological Waste Gas Cleaning in a Pilot- Scale Biofilter with Different Filter Material and Modeling a Hybrid Process of Adsorption and Biofiltration 

• Introduction 
  
• Materials and Methods 
• Biofiltration unit 
• Adsorption unit 

Chapter 51

Thermal Oxidation for Volatile Organic Compounds Control

• Recuperative Thermal Oxidation.
• Regenerative Thermal Oxidization 
• Combustion Basics Flares 
• Eleva
• Elevated, Open Flare 
• Smokeless Flare Assist 
• Flare Height 
• Ground Flare .
• Safety Features 
• Incineration 
• Recuperative Thermal Oxidizer 
• Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer 
• Catalytic Oxidation 

Chapter 52

Urban Air Pollution and Control 

• Urban Air Pollution Sources 626
  
• Transportation 
• Domestic use of fossil fuels .
• Industrialization 
• Power generation 
• Combustion and agriculture 
• Beauty Products 
• Air Pollutants 
• Ozone.
• Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) .
• Sulfur oxides (SOx) 
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 
• Carbon monoxide (CO) 
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 
• Air quality management 
• Monitoring of air pollution 
• Emission inventory 
• Modeling of air pollution 
• Ways to Reduce Air Pollution in Cities 
• Enhance Industrial Emission Controls 
• Promote Sustainable Construction Practices 
• Promote Energy Efficiency 
• Implement Green Spaces and Urban Planning 
• Improve Vehicle Efficiency –Ways to Reduce Air Pollution in Cities 
• Raise Awareness and Educate
• Strengthen Waste Management Practices 
• Collaborate and Advocate for Change 

Chapter 53

Green Plants & Avenue Trees.

• Green Urban Architecture and Their Impact 
• Urban Meadows 
• Green Roofs 
• Vertical Greening Systems 
• Green Walls 
• Green Façade 
• Avenue Trees: Potentials and Possibilities