Complete Technology Handbook on Sugarcane Processing and its By Products with Production of Sugar and its Alternatives with Project Profiles

Complete Technology Handbook on Sugarcane Processing and its By Products with Production of Sugar and its Alternatives with Project Profiles

ISBN: 9788189765781

Price: Rs. 2200/- 

The book contains chapter on Introduction, Sugarcane Processing, Sugar Boiling Method, Exhaustibility of Molasses, Tissue Culture of Sugar Cane, Colour of Sugar cane Juice, Analysis of the Syrup, Massecuites and Molasses, By-products of Molasses, Remuneration System of Sugarcane, Bagasse and as a Green Additive in the Production of Environmentally Friendly Elastomeric Compounds, Figures of Plant and Machinery of Sugar Industry, Sugars as a Possible Indicator of Honey Authenticity, Production of Sugars from Sago Palm, The Impact of Processing of Brazilian Brown Sugar, Development of Sustainable Biorefineries of Sucrose from Sugarcane and Beet, Quality Control in the Sugar and Ethanol Industries, The Sugar Production Process, Ethanol Fermentation, Distillation, Industrial Waste Recovery, Sugarcane Bioenergy, Managing Costs of Production and Processing, Glycaemic Responses and Toleration, Dental Health, Digestive Health, Calorie Control and Weight Management, Brazzein: A Natural Sweetener Manufacturing, Steviol Glycosides Manufacturing Technology, Acesulfame K Manufacturing, Aspartame, Neotame and Advantame, Saccharin and Cyclamate Manufacturing, Sucralose Manufacturing, Natural High-Potency Sweeteners Manufacturing, Erythritol Manufacturing Technology, Lactitol Manufacturing Technology, Maltitol Powder Manufacturing, Maltitol Syrups Manufacturing Technology, Sorbitol and Mannitol Manufacturing, Xylitol Manufacturing, New Developments in Sweeteners, Isomaltulose, Trehalose, Bulking Agents - Multi-Functional Ingredients, Plant Economics of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane Juice, Plant Economics of Ethyl Acetate, Plant Economics of Icing Sugar, Plant Economics of Natural Sugar Wax, Plant Economics of Pearl Sugar Candy (Mishri), Plant Economics of Starch to Sweeteners (Maltodextrin, De40 Syrup, Maltitol, Dextrose Monohydrate), Plant Economics of Sugar Plant, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice Bottling Plant in PET Bottles, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice in Tetrapack, Plant Economics of Sugarcane Plantation and Sugar Mill with By-Product and Ethanol for Electricity.

Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction

• Processing and Byproducts of Sugarcane:
• Applications
• Sugarcane Juice
• Sugarcane Byproducts and their Applications
• Bagasse
• Uses of Sugarcane Bagasse and its Based Products:
• Paper from Bagasse
• Boards or Agglomerated Products
• Biogas Production from Bagasse
• Production of Furfural
• Use as Animal Feed
• Ethanol production
• Sugarcane Molasses
• Sugarcane Molasses and Its Products Have a Wide Range of Applications
• Molasses as a Fertilizer
• Molasses as Animal Feed
• Molasses as a Distilling Raw Material
• Fermentation
• Distillation Industries
• Molasses By-Products:
• Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Molasses
• Pressmud or Filter Mud: Uses and Products
• Sugarcane Products
• Sugar: Processing Steps

Chapter 2

Sugarcane Processing

• Sugar Cane: Refining Process
• Improvement of Sugar Cane Cultivation
• Soil
• Popular varieties with their yield
• Other States varieties
• Land Preparation
• Sowing
• Time of sowing
• Spacing
• Sowing Depth
• Method of sowing
• Seed
• Seed Rate
• Seed Treatment
• Soil Treatment
• Weed Control
• Irrigation
• Plant Protection
• Pest and their control:
• Disease and their control:
• Manufacture of gur (Jaggery)
• Manufacturing Process & Know How
• Process Flow Chart
• Plant and Machinery
• Grading of gur (Jaggery)
• Calcium Saccharin (Food Grade)
• Nutritive Value of gur (Jaggery)
• Medicinal properties of jaggery
• Machineries for the manufacture of gur (Jaggery)
• Automatic Jaggery Plant: Best and Most Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas
• Composition of Sugar Cane and Juice
• Medicinal effects of sugarcane juice
• Sucrose and reducing Sugars
• Structure of Sucrose
• Chemical Data of Sucrose
• Physical Properties of Sucrose
• Chemical Properties of Sucrose
• Thermal Degradation of Sucrose
• Uses of Sucrose
• Milling of Sugar Cane
• Cane preparation
• Juice extraction
• Clarification
• Filters
• Cane Sugar Refining: Decolorization with Absorbant
• Keeping and Refining Qualities of Raw Sugar
• Chemical used in Phosphatation process
• Analysis of Sugar
• Scope
• Sample Types
• Method
• Sample Preparation
• Calibration
• Analysis
• Calculations
• Reporting
• Limit of Detection and Quantitation
• Carbohydrate (Sugar) Method Development and Validation
• Filtration/Clarifiation
• Crystallization & Honey Separation
• Drying & Packaging
• Analysis of the Juice
• Treatment of Mud Waters and Clarified Juice
• Filtration Technologies
• Rotary Vacuum Filters
• Clarification
• Filters
• Crystallization of Juice

Chapter 3

Sugar Boiling Method

• The sugar boiling process model
• Syrup Oversaturation
• Syrup Feed
• Crystal Growth Rate
• Consistency
• Boiling High Purity Syrups
• Final Brixing
• Purity Compensation
• Light Feed Syrup
• Heavy Feed Syrup
• Unusual Situations
• Inadequate Feed Syrup
• Loss of Vacuum
• Intermediate Purity
• Boiling
• Low Purity Syrups
• Low Purity-Seeding
• Low Purity Boiling
• Cutting Over

Chapter 4

Exhaustibility of Molasses

• Molasses processing in beet/cane sugar mills
• Purify molasses
• Electrodialysis - highly efficient and green technology for beet/cane sugar molasses purification
• Benefits of MEGA ED in molasses processing
• Processing of sugar molasses using electrodialysis technology
• The Manufacturing Process
• Washing and cutting
• Extracting the sugar juice
• Clarifying the juice
• Evaporating and concentrating the syrup
• Storage and boffling
• Byproducts/Waste

Chapter 5

Tissue Culture of Sugar Cane

• Stage 1: Establishment of shoot cultures
• Sterilization of the material
• Inoculation
• Stage 2: Multiplication of shoots
• Stage 3: Rooting and Hardening
• Stage 4: Field planting

Chapter 6

Colour of Sugar cane Juice

• Concentration of sugarcane juice using forward osmosis membrane with fouling and cleaning study
• Modelling, validation and process simulation of forward osmosis membrane for the concentration of sugarcane juice
• Microfluidization (MF)
• Pulsed electric field (PEF)
• Ultrasound treatment (US)
• Irradiation
• Membrane technology
• Ozone treatment

Chapter 7

Analysis of the Syrup, Massecuites and Molasses

• Processing of sugarcane syrup
• Physical properties and nutrient composition of the sugarcane syrup
• Sensory Evaluation
• Microbial Population
• Massecuite
• Sugar Factory Material Balance Calculation for 3 machine Boiling
• Cane molasses
• Typical Analysis

Chapter 8

By-products of Molasses

• Molasses: uses and its based products
• Molasses as fertilizer
• Molasses as animal feed
• Utilization of molasses for distilling industry:
• Fermentation
• Vinegar
• Butanol acetone
• Distillation industries
• Rum
• Ethyl Alcohol
• Ordinary Denatured Spirit (O.D.S)
• Dextran
• Aconitic acid
• Itaconic acid
• Monosodium Glutamate
• Carbon Dioxide
• Pressmud: A Source of Biogas, Steroiclal Drugs and Biomenure
• Fermentation
• Hydrolysis
• Acidogenesis
• Acetogenesis
• Methanogenesis
• Wax from Pressmud
• Pressmud in carbon sequestration
• Pressmud as carrier for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
• Composted pressmud for plant growth
• Single cell protein using pressmud as substrate
• Microprocessor based electronic instrumentation and Contrul System for Modernisation of the Sugar Industry

Chapter 9

Remuneration System of Sugarcane

• Focus
• Motivation of money
• Concept of total remuneration
• Concept of wages
• Remuneration Special Groups
• Importance of Performance-Based Remuneration Systems
• Training and development programs
• Feedback
• Personal Development
• Administrative Objectives
• Promotion
• Transfers
• Wage and salary administration
• Training and development
• Personal Research
• Self Improvement
• Remuneration elements and market alignment
• Variable Compensation
• Short term incentive: cash bonus
• Targets

Chapter 10

Bagasse and as a Green Additive in the Production of Environmentally Friendly Elastomeric Compounds

• Home Compostable
• Uses and trends for sugarcane bagasse valorization
• Sugarcane bagasse incineration for energy generation in sugar mills
• Valorization of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production
• Energy balance and emissions

Chapter 11

Figures of Plant and Machinery of Sugar Industry

• Baggase Drier Unit
• High Pressure Boilers 
• Short Retention Clarifiers
• Advantages
• Falling Film Plate Type Evaporators
• Outstanding Features
• Advantages
• Continuous Vacuum Pans
• Sugar Refinery (Defeco-Melt Phosphatation Followed By Ion Exchange Resin)
• Spent Wash Incineration Technology
• Extraction Equipment with Low Power Consumption
• Evaporation Solutions With Advanced Design
• Industry Standard Sugar Crystallization Technology
• High-Grade Massecuite Centrifugation Equipment
• Rotary Drum Dryers with Maximum Crystal Preservation
• Instrumentation
• Monotrac: Measure Massecuite Conductivity

Chapter 12

Sugars as a Possible Indicator of Honey Authenticity

• Analytical techniques and applications
• Physicochemical and sensory analysis
• Separation techniques
• Liquid chromatography
• Gas chromatography
• Bioanalytical techniques
• Spectroscopy

Chapter 13

Production of Sugars from Sago Palm

• Purification of Sago Sugars
• Drying of Sago Sugars
• Sweetness Test
• Flavonoids in Brown Sago Sugars
• Production of Sugars from Sago Hampas

Chapter 14

The Impact of Processing of Brazilian Brown Sugar

• Product Description
• Product Uses
• Product Raw Material
• Manufacturing Process
• Raw Material Procurement
• Production process
• Raw material processing
• Extraction
• Centrifuging
• Packing
• Testing
• Plant & Machinery
• Sugarcane Juice Boiling House
• Centrifugal Machine
• Crystallizer
• Granulator with Dryer
• Packing machine

Chapter 15

Development of Sustainable Biorefineries of Sucrose from Sugarcane and Beet

• By-products obtained from the sucrose manufacturing processes
• Sucrose and waste biomass from processing sugar beets as raw materials in biotechnology
• Sucrose and waste biomass from processing of sugar beets as raw materials in chemistry
• Dehydration of sugars
• Hydrogenation of sugars

Chapter 16

Quality Control in the Sugar and Ethanol Industries

• Sugar quality process
• Polarisation
• ICUMSA colour measurement
• Ash
• Moisture
• Crystal size and uniformity
• Filterability
• Quality control solutions for ethanol production

Chapter 17

The Sugar Production Process

• Overview of Sugar Manufacturing
• Raw Materials for Sugar Production
• Step-by-step Breakdown of Sugar Production
• Sugar Manufacturing Process
• Cleaning
• Grinding
• Extraction
• Evaporation
• Crystallisation
• Packaging
• Sustainable Sugar Manufacturing Practices
• Role of Technology in Modern Sugar Production
• Future of Sugar Manufacturing and Potential Innovations
• Flowchart Sugar Manufacturing Process

Chapter 18

Ethanol Fermentation

• Introduction to the Fermentation Process
• Fermentation of alcohol formula
• The Fermentation process
• Fermentation Conditions
• Fermentation reactions
• Raw materials

Chapter 19

Distillation

• Role of Raoult’s Law and Dalton’s Law
• Why is it Impossible to Completely Purify a Mixture by Distillation?
• Types of Distillation
• Simple Distillation
• Fractional Distillation
• Steam Distillation
• Vacuum Distillation
• Air-Sensitive Vacuum Distillation
• Short Path Distillation
• Zone Distillation
• Important Applications

Chapter 20

Industrial Waste Recovery

• Filter Cake
• Distillery Spentwash
• The Composting System
• Advantages and Constraints in Composting Technology
• Benefits of Filter Cake Based Compost
• Long-Term Effects
• Effluents and Wastes from Sugar Industry and Distilleries
• Sugar Industry
• Press Mud
• Bagasse
• Wastewater
• Mill House
• Condensates
• Condensers Washings
• Occasional Leaks
• Molasses Mixed Water
• Treatment of Wastes from Sugar Industry
• Methods of Treatment
• Effects of Pollution
• Effects of pollution on land 
• Physico-Chemical Treatment Methods
• Biological Treatment Methods
• Anaerobic Reactors and Processes
• Recycled Flocs (Contact Reactor)
• Sludge Blanket Reactor (Clarigester Type Reactor)
• Conventional Digesters
• Open Lagoons
• Anaerobic Activated Sludge Process
• Acid Methane Segregation Process
• Types of Aerobic Treatment Process
• Other Methods/Systems
• Spent Wash Treatment with Municipal Waste
• Disposal of Distillery Wastes

Chapter 21

Sugarcane Bioenergy

• Sugarcane as an energy crop
• Sugarcane Bioenergy Technology
• Conventional Ethanol (1G)
• Biofuel
• The future of biofuels
• Genome engineering in sugarcane for improvement in biofuel production
• Process flow diagram of bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse

Chapter 22

Managing Costs of Production and Processing

• Introduction
• The working efficiency of sugar mills
• Factors responsible for high cost per unit of sugar production
• Small size sugar plants are being set up all over the country
• Suggestions to reduce cost per unit of sugar production
• Requirement for implementing cost management techniques used in sugar industry
• Suggestion

Chapter 23

Glycaemic Responses and Toleration

• The acute glycaemic response to sugars and alternatives
• Long-term glycaemic control with sweeteners and bulking agents
• Are low glycaemic carbohydrates of benefit in healthy persons?
• Gastrointestinal tolerance in relation to the glycaemic response

Chapter 24

Dental Health

• Dental Caries
• The problem
• Aetiology
• Control and prevention
• Determining cariogenicity
• Reduced-Calorie Bulk Sweeteners
• Erythritol
• Isomalt
• Lactitol
• Maltitol
• Sorbitol
• Mannitol
• D-tagatose
• Xylitol
• Key points from the dental evidence for reduced-calorie sweeteners and their use
• High-Potency (High-Intensity) Sweeteners
• Are high-intensity sweeteners safe to eat?
• Are there any high-intensity sweeteners that should be avoided by some people?
• How much high-intensity sweetener is safe to eat?

Chapter 25

Digestive Health

• The side effects of artificial sweeteners
• Gut Health
• Prebiotics Versus Fibre
• Endogenous Prebiotics
• Milk oligosaccharides
• Secreted substrates in the gut
• Prebiotics
• Current Prebiotics
• Health Benefits
• Synbiotics
• Synbiotic Selection Criteria
• Synbiotics in Use
• Mechanism of Action of Synbiotics
• Synbiotics for Humans

Chapter 26

Calorie Control and Weight Management

• Caloric contribution of sugars in the diet
• Calorie control and its importance in weight management
• Calorie Reduction in Foods
• Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Health
• Weight Control
• Sweeteners and satiety, energy intakes and body weight
• Satiety and energy intake
• Body weight management

Chapter 27

Brazzein: A Natural Sweetener Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Evolutionary importance of glucose
• Small carbohydrate sweeteners
• Synthetic, non-carbohydrate sweeteners
• Plant-derived sweeteners
• Discovery of protein sweeteners
• Structure and action of sweet proteins
• Protein sweeteners and their interactions with the taste receptor T1R2/T1R3
• Brazzein, a high-intensity natural protein sweetener
• Structure of brazzein
• Recombinant production of brazzein
• Recombinant expression of brazzein in different hosts
• Expression of brazzein in corn
• Considerations for brazzein as a commercial product

Chapter 28

Steviol Glycosides Manufacturing Technology

• Structure
• Manufacturing Technology
• Extraction Technologies
• Stability of Steviol Glycosides
• Sensory Properties
• Sweetness Potency
• Flavor Profile
• Sweetness Temporal Profile
• Food Applications
• Blending
• Metabolism
• Effect on Fasting Blood Glucose and Insulin
• Effect on Energy Intake and Weight Control
• Effect on Blood Pressure
• Effect on Lipids

Chapter 29

Acesulfame K Manufacturing

• What foods are high in Acesulfame potassium?
• Foods containing acesulfame potassium
• Acesulfame k benefits
• Weight management
• Diabetes
• Dental health
• Helps reduce calories
• Remains stable under high temperatures
• Longer Shelf Life
• Tastes Sweet and Clean
• Synergistic action
• Acesulfame potassium side effects
• Is acesulfame potassium carcinogenic?
• Do the acesulfame potassium side effects promote diabetes?
• Does acesulfame potassium side effects seen in pregnancy?
• Manufacturing Process flow chart

Chapter 30

Aspartame, Neotame and Advantame

• Aspartame
• Synthesis
• Production of aspartame
• Applications
• Uses in manufacturing
• Soft drinks
• Yoghurt
• Confectionery
• Neotame
• Applications
• Advantame
• Sensory properties
• Stability
• Solubility

Chapter 31

Saccharin and Cyclamate Manufacturing

• Saccharin
• The Remsen-Fahlberg process for saccharin manufacture
• The Maumee process for saccharin manufacture
• Flavour profile
• Saccharin uses
• Food and drink sources
• Food and drink
• Sweetener
• Other uses
• Cyclamate
• Manufacture and chemical composition
• Cyclamate’s performance
• Audrieth-Sveda process for cyclamate manufacture
• Applications

Chapter 32

Sucralose Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Sucralose manufacturing process
• Applications
• Beverages
• Dairy products
• Confectionery
• Baked products
• Pharmaceuticals

Chapter 33

Natural High-Potency Sweeteners Manufacturing

• Introduction
• The Sweeteners
• Thaumatin
• Steviol glycosides
• Lo hanguo (mogroside)
• Brazzein
• Monatin

Chapter 34

Erythritol Manufacturing Technology

• Introduction
• General characteristics
• Organoleptic Properties
• Sweetness intensity
• Sweetness profile
• Cooling effect
• Synergy with other sweeteners
• Caloric value
• Digestive tolerance
• Dental health
• Anti-oxidant properties
• Applications
• Table-top sweeteners
• Beverages
• Chewing gum
• Chocolate
• Formulation and manufacturing process
• Manufacturing process
• Fondant
• Formulation and manufacturing process
• Manufacturing process
• Bakery (pastry) products
• Bakery fillings
• Formulation
• Manufacturing process
• Hard biscuit formulation
• Hard biscuit manufacturing process
• Sponge cake formulation
• Sponge cake manufasscturing process

Chapter 35

Isomalt Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Applications
• Hard candies
• Basic Manufacturing recipe for isomalt hard candies
• Production process
• Flow chart of an isomalt candy process
• Cooking
• Chocolates
• Basic formula for chocolate
• Low Boilings
• Formulation for a fruit flavoured low boiling with gum Arabic
• Chewing gum
• Isomalt GS pan coating Formulation
• Basic recipe for Isomalt DC tablet formulation
• Baked goods
• Fruit spreads
• Basic Formulation for fruit spreads
• Formulation for extruded cereals

Chapter 36

Lactitol Manufacturing Technology

• Manufacturing of lactitol
• Catalytic hydrogenation
• Organoleptic Properties
• Applications
• Chocolate
• Baked goods
• Chewing gum and confectionery
• Ice cream and frozen desserts
• Tablets
• Health claims

Chapter 37

Maltitol Powder Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Manufacturing
• Alternative methods of maltitol manufacture
• Applications in Foods
• Chocolate
• Sugar-free panning
• Dairy applications
• Bakery applications
• Composite foods

Chapter 38

Maltitol Syrups Manufacturing Technology

• Introduction
• Structure
• Manufacturing
• Maltitol syrups
• Polyglycitols
• Sweetness
• Applications in foods
• Uses of Maltitol syrups

Chapter 39

Sorbitol and Mannitol Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Manufacturing
• Sorbitol powder
• Sorbitol syrups
• Mannitol
• Structure
• Applications in Foods
• Non-Food Applications

Chapter 40

Xylitol Manufacturing

• Introduction
• Manufacturing process
• Applications
• Non-food applications

Chapter 41

New Developments in Sweeteners

• Introduction
• Innovation in natural sweeteners and sugar substitutes is flourishing
• Functional Fibre
• Flavours and Aromas
• Rare sugars
• Sugar Alcohols
• Sweet taste modulator mechanism of action
• Future sweet taste modulators and new sweeteners
• Modulators for other taste modalities
• Savoury Flavour Ingredients
• Bitter Blockers
• Cooling Flavours
• Salt Taste Modulators

Chapter 42

Isomaltulose

• Introduction
• Applications
• Beverage applications
• Confectionery applications
• Other applications

Chapter 43

Trehalose

• Production
• Application in Food
• Technical properties
• Stabilisation of carbohydrates
• Stabilisation of proteins
• Stabilisation of flavours and aromas

Chapter 44

Bulking Agents-Multi-Functional Ingredients

• Introduction
• Gluco-Polysaccharides
• Polydextrose
• Resistant starches and resistant maltodextrins
• Fibersol-2
• Applications
• Nutriose FB
• Fructo-Oligosaccharides
• Inulin and low-molecular-weight FOS
• Applications of FOS
• Applications of inulin

Chapter 45

Plant Economics of Ethanol Production from Sugar Cane Juice

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 46

Plant Economics of Ethyl Acetate

• Plant Economics
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 47

Plant Economics of Icing Sugar

• Raw Materials
• Formulations of Icing Sugar
• Formulation - 1: (Royal Icing Sugar):
• Manufacturing Process
• Formulation - 2: (Royal Type Icing)
• Process
• Fondant Sugar (Dry Powder) Formulation
• Process
• Fluffy Frosting Mix (Dry Powder)
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 48

Plant Economics of Natural Sugar Wax

• Plant Economics
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 49

Plant Economics of Pearl Sugar Candy (Mishri)

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 50

Plant Economics of Starch to Sweeteners (Maltodextrin, De40 Syrup, Maltitol, Dextrose Monohydrate)

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 51

Plant Economics of Sugar Plant

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 52

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice Bottling Plant in PET Bottles

• Process flow sheet for sugarcane juice in PET bottles
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 53

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Juice in Tetrapack

• Plant Economics
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 54

Plant Economics of Sugarcane Plantation and Sugar Mill with by Product and Ethanol for Electricity

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum