Complete Technology Handbook on Gypsum and its Products (Science, Mining, Processing, Transportation, Handling, Machinery) with Detailed Manufacturing Process and Project Profiles

Complete Technology Handbook on Gypsum and its Products (Science, Mining, Processing, Transportation, Handling, Machinery) with Detailed Manufacturing Process and Project Profiles

Book contains chapters on Introduction, Manufacturing Process, Types of Gypsum Products, Plaster of Paris, Gypsum Board, Types and Sources of Gypsum, Different Types of Drywall, Gypsum Products in Dentistry: Types, Uses and Properties, Gypsum as an Agricultural Product, Mining Technology, Preparation of Other Gypsum and Anhydrite, Role of Gypsum in Cement, Technology of Gypsum and Gypsum Plasters, Gypsum Board Waste Management, Grinding and Calcining of Gypsum, Crystallistaion and Dissolution of Gypsum, Gypsum Pelletizing, BIS Specifications, Process Flow Sheet, Plant Layout, Gypsum Utilization in Geotechnical Applications, Photographs of Machinery, Plant Economics of Calcined Gypsum for Plaster in Construction Sector, Plant Economics of Dry Mix Mortar (DMM), Plant Economics of Gypsum Board and Gypsum Wall Putty, Plant Economics of Gypsum Plaster Board, Plant Economics of Manufacturing of Plaster Board Liners (Heavy Duty Papers).

Chapter 1

Introduction

• Gypsum
• Occurrence of Gypsum
• Where is Gypsum Found? 
• Chemical Formula for Gypsum
• Physico-Chemical Properties of Gypsum Mineral 
• Different Kinds of Gypsum 
• Types of gypsum products
• History of Gypsum 
• Gypsum Moulds 
• Plaster of Paris
• Calcium Sulfate
• Gypsum Credentials
• Unequalled as a Material for Interiors
• Plasterboards 
• Decorative Plaster 
• Building plaster 
• Plaster blocks 
• Gypsum-based self-levelling screed 
• Gypsum Fibreboards 
• Gypsum Products’ Unique Properties
• Fire Properties
• Fire Resistant 
• Non-combustible
• Effective in Fire 
• Acoustic Properties 
• Thermal Properties
• Aesthetics and Design 
• Ease of Installation 
• From Products to Solutions

Chapter 2

Manufacturing Process

• Five stages of gypsum production line
• Raw Materials
• Gypsum Production Process
• Dehydration: Rock into plaster 
• Properties of gypsum plaster
• Production processes
• One simple production method is to heat the gypsum on a flat metal plate above a kiln
• Crushing the gypsum ensures a more uniform product which requires less energy to heat
• A pit kiln is the simplest method of heating gypsum, but it is inefficient compared with other methods
• Gypsum Unique Properties in Buildings
• Gypsum is Fire Protective
• Non-Combined Properties
• Gypsum Regulates Sound
• Thermal properties
• Gypsum equilibrates Humidity and Heat Peaks
• Gypsum is Easy to Install and to Dismantle
• Gypsum Acts as a Thermal Insulator when Combined with Insulation Materials
• Gypsum is Multifaceted and Multipurpose
• Plaster board
• Gypsum Plasterboard Types
• Drywall white board or gypsum board
• Backing gypsum plasterboard
• Moisture-resistant gypsum plasterboard
• Modified moisture-resistant gypsum plasterboard
• Blue board gypsum board or plaster baseboard
• Paperless gypsum plasterboard
• Fire-resistant gypsum plasterboard
• Soundproof gypsum plasterboards
• Exterior gypsum soffit board
• Gypsum Fibre Boards
• Gypsum-Based Self-Levelling Screeds
• Plaster Blocks
• Decorative Plaster
• Benefits of using decorative plaster in your home or office
• Building Plaster
• Uses of Gypsum
• Uses of Gypsum Powder
• Uses of Gypsum in Agriculture
• Uses of Gypsum Board
• Other Uses of Gypsum
• Chemistry of Gypsum Products
• Chemistry of Gypsum Product Formation
• Setting Mechanism
• Manipulation Stages
• Manufacture of Gypsum Precursors
• “Plaster of Paris” “Hydrocal”
• Properties of Plaster of Paris
• Features of Hydrocal
• Use Hydrocal
• Variables influencing Properties
• Manufacturing Variables
• Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis and Chemical Composition
• Occurrence of Gypsum
• Agricultural Gypsum Uses
• Gypsum Improves Soil Structure
• Gypsum Helps Reclaim Sodic Soils
• Gypsum Prevents Crusting of Soil and Aids Seed Emergence
• Gypsum Improves Low-Solute Irrigation Water
• Gypsum Improves Compacted Soil
• Gypsum Makes Slightly Wet Soils Easier To Till
• Gypsum Stops Water Runoff and Erosion
• Gypsum Decreased pH of Sodic Soils
• Gypsum Increases the pH of Acidic Soils
• Gypsum Improves Swelling Clays
• Gypsum prevents Waterlogging of Soil
• Gypsum can Help Remove Excess Boron from Sodic Soil
• Gypsum increases the Stability of Soil Organic Matter
• Gypsum makes Water-Soluble Polymer Soil Conditioners More Effective
• Gypsum makes Excess Magnesium Non-Toxic
• Gypsum Corrects Subsoil Acidity
• Gypsum Can Enhance the Values of Liming
• Gypsum Improves Water-Use Efficiency
• Gypsum makes it Possible to Efficiently Use Low Quality Irrigation Water
• Gypsum Decreased Dust Erosion
• Gypsum Helps Plants Absorb Plant Nutrients
• Gypsum Decreased Heavy-Metal Toxicity
• Gypsum increases Value of Organics
• Gypsum Improves Fruit Quality and Prevents Some Plant Diseases
• Gypsum is a Source of Sulfur
• Gypsum helps Prepare Soil for No-Till Management
• Gypsum decrease Bulk Density of Soil
• Gypsum decreases the Toxic Effect of NaCl Salinity
• Gypsum multiplies the Value of Other Inputs
• Gypsum mcan Decrease pH of Rhizosphere
• Gypsum keeps Clay Off Tuber and Root Crops
• Gypsum decreases Loss of Fertilizer Nitrogen to the Air
• Gypsum can be a Source of Oxygen for Plants
• Gypsum helps Earthworms to Flourish
• Gypsum can Increase Water Retention in Soil
• Gypsum Can Increase Crop Yields

Chapter 3

Types of Gypsum Products

• Types of Gypsum Products
• Gypsum Plaster
• Gypsum Fertilizer
• Gypsum Board
• Gypsum Powder
• Setting of Gypsum Products
• Theories of Setting of Gypsum Products
• The hydration theory
• The dissolution-precipitation theory
• The setting Process
• Stages
• Water/powder ratio
• Effect of W/P Ratio
• Hygroscopic setting expansion
• Mixing
• Mixing time 
• Setting Time
• The hydration theory
• Working Time or Initial Setting Time
• Final Setting Time
• Initial Gillmore Test for Initial Set
• Gillmore Test for Final Setting Time
• Loss of Gloss Test for Initial Set
• Variation in Setting Times
• Vicat Test for Setting Time
• Ready for use criterion
• Control of setting time

Chapter 4

Plaster of Paris

• Plaster of Paris Uses
• In Architecture and Decorations
• In Art
• During Burial Services
• Medicinal Purposes
• Fireproofing
• 3D printing
• Uses in Medicinal and Fireproof Fields
• Radiotherapy
• Quality Control and Standards
• Pollution Control
• Preparation of Plaster of Paris
• Step 1 - Plaster of Paris Manufacture
• Step 2 - Rehydration
• Step 3 - Setting
• Application of Plaster of Paris

Chapter 5

Gypsum Board

• The Chemistry of Gypsum Board
• Gypsum Board Manufacturing Process
• Advantages of Gypsum Board
• Gypsum Board Manufacturing Process
• Fire Resistance
• Versatility
• Durability
• Easy Installation
• Low Cost
• Areas of Applications
• Acoustic Property of Gypsum
• Drywall White Board
• Drywall White Board Gypsum Board
• The Manufacturing
• Process
• Blending of additives
• Making the sandwich
• Finishing the edges
• Cutting the panels
• The drying process
• The finished product
• Applications
• Types of Gypsum Board
• Regular and Type X Gypsum Board
• Regular Gypsum Board
• Type X Gypsum Board
• Core Manufacturing
• Edge configuration of gypsum board
• Types of Gypsum Board Based on Edges
• Common Types of Gypsum Board
• Regular/Standard Gypsum Board
• Fire Resistance Gypsum Board
• Moisture-resistant gypsum board
• Fire and moisture-resistant gypsum boards
• Regular gypsum board
• Fire-resistant gypsum board
• Moisture-resistant gypsum board
• Fire and Moisture-Resistant Gypsum Board
• Abuse-Resistant Gypsum Panels
•  Soffit board is good for lining the eaves
• Abuse-Resistant Gypsum Panels
• Foil-Backed Gypsum Board
• Exterior Gypsum Soffit Board
• Foil-Backed Gypsum Board
• Gypsum Fiber Board
• Glass Mat Gypsum Board
• Sheathing
• Applications
• Backing Board

Chapter 6

Types and Sources of Gypsum

• Mined Gypsum
• Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) gypsum and Spray-Dry Absorption materials (SDA)
• Phosphogypsum
• Pickle Gypsum
• Synthetic Gypsum
• Titanogypsum
• Borogypsum
• Fluorogypsum
• Drywall Gypsum
• Greenboard
• Landfill versus Recycling
• Green Building
• Common Uses of Gypsum
• Markets for Gypsum Products
• General Benefits of Gypsum for Soils
• Soil Crusting
• Sodic or Salt Contaminated Soils
• Nutrient Availability
• Runoff and Water Absorption
• Animal Bedding
• Manure treatment
• Crops Known to Benefit From Gypsum
• Animals
• Applicatom:

Chapter 7

Different Types of Drywall

• Dry Lining Systems:
• Interior Partition Systems:
• Performance partition Systems
• How to Build a Drywall?
• Installation
• Drywall Tools
• Fixing Tools
• Marking Tools
• Marking Tools
• Basic Principles to Design a Drywall
• Key Design Criteria
• Height
• Maximum partition heights
• Thermal Insulation
• Benefits of effective thermal insulation make building
• Jointing and Finishing Details
• Jointing level 1 (Q1):
• Different types of Drywall
• Jointing level 2 (Q2):
• Finishing level 3 (Q3):
• Finishing level 4 (Q4)

Chapter 8

Gypsum Products in Dentistry: Types, Uses and Properties

• current ISO Standard for Dental Gypsum Products
• Chemical Composition
• Use of Gypsum Products in Dentistry
• Desirable Properties
• Types of Gypsum Products
• Plaster
• Stone
• High-Strength or Improved Stone
• Other Types of Gypsum
• Setting Reaction
• Water/Powder Ratio
• Setting Time
• Definitions
• Working Time or Initial Setting Time
• Final Setting Time
• Measurement
• Variation in Setting Times
• Setting Expansion
• Strength
• Wet Strength
• Dry Strength
• Factors Affecting Strength
• Surface Hardness
• Dimensional Stability
• Technique of Use
• Measuring the Water
• Measuring the Powder
• Adding Powder and Water
• Mixing
• 1. Hand Mixing
• Vacuum Mixing
• Filling the Impression

Chapter 9

Gypsum as an Agricultural Product

• Benefits of gypsum as a soil amendment
• Gypsum as a Source of Plant Nutrients for Crops
• Gypsum to Improve Soil Physical Properties
• Gypsum to Improve Soil Chemical Properties
• Effect of FGD Gypsum on the Yield of Cotton
• Gypsum for Landscape and Sports Field Use
• Other Uses of Gypsum in Agriculture
• Use of Gypsum as a Soil Conditioner
• Causes of Poor Soil Structure
• Recognition of Gypsum Responsive Soils
• Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)
• The calcium-to-magnesium (Ca:Mg) ratio
• Clay Dispersion Index

Chapter 10

Mining Technology

• Exploration Techniques
• Stratigraphy
• Topography
• Vegetation
• Hydrology
• Deposit Evaluation
• Drilling and Sampling
• Methods of Sampling
• Grab sampling

Chapter 11

Preparation of Other Gypsum and Anhydrite

• Phosphogypsum
• Use as a soil amendment
• Use in construction and building materials
• Processing method of phosphogypsum
• Processing and Application of Phosphoric Gypsum
• Titanogypsum
• Insoluble Anhydrite
• Calcination Methods
• Schematic diagram of the process
• Batch Kettle
• The kettle with its hot gas pipes
• Schematic diagram of the kettle – the introduced heat is very uniformly distributed
• Continuous Kettles
• Submerged Combustion Kettles
• Conical Kettle
• Rotary Kilns
• Technical Characteristics
• Schematic diagram of the Rotary Kilns
• Impact Mill Calciner
• Horizontal impact calciner
• Hammer mill calcination system
• Benefits
• Ring Ball and Roller Mills
• Technical advantage
• Calcining and Drying Units
• Boiling Furnace Calcining
• Advantage:
• Anhydrous and Multiphase Plaster
• Hemihydrate Plasters

Chapter 12

Role of Gypsum in Cement

• The Effect of Gypsum Solubility
• Optimum Gypsum Content
• Strength and Volume Stability
• Effects of Gypsum on Cement

Chapter 13

Technology of Gypsum and Gypsum Plasters

• Gypsum plaster: 9 easy steps
• Production plants for gypsum plasterboard
• Gypsum - A Natural material that will not bur
• Properties of Gypsum Plaster
• Gypsum Plaster Specifications
• Types of Gypsum Plaster
• Procedure for Application of the Gypsum Plaster on the Internal Walls
• Surface Preparation and Ground Work before applying gypsum plaster
• Application of Gypsum Plaster on the Walls
• Thickness Recommended when applying Gypsum Plaster
• Recommended Finish for Gypsum Plaster
• Storage of Gypsum Plaster at Site
• Gypsum Plaster Advantages
• Gypsum Plaster Disadvantages

Chapter 14

Gypsum Transportation, Handling and Storage

• Solution
• Packaging
• Plaster packaging for transportation
• Expiry Date of Gypsum
• Gypsum Storage: Types, Safety Measures to avoid hazards
• Gypsum Storage Types
• Safety Measures to avoid hazards in Gypsum storage
• Gypsum Panel Products
• Safety Tips for Handling
• Storage
• Support Risers
• Typical Gypsum Risers
• Preventing Sagging Gypsum Panel Products
• Incorrect Riser Alignment
• Correct Riser Alignment
• Note that risers are aligned vertically so that loads are transferred directly to the floor
• Suggested Placement of Risers for Storage of Gypsum Panel Products
• Manual Handling
• Mechanical Handling
• Use of Wedges
• Stocking Gypsum Panel Products on Job Sites
• Loading Gypsum Panel Products
• Open Top Rail Flatcars
• Flatbed Trucks
• Guidelines for Carriers and Drivers

Chapter 15

Gypsum Board Waste Management

• Gypsum and Gypsum Boards
• Reusing
• Recycling
• Sustainability Imperative
• Gypsum Board Waste and the Management
• Recycling process and technology
• Policy instruments for promoting recycling
• Action on gypsum board waste
• CRD Waste Management in Europe

Chapter 16

Grinding and Calcining of Gypsum

• Determination of Fineness
• Application of secondary grinding of gypsum:
• Recommendations for Gypsum Industrial Ultrafine Powder Mill Machine
• Gypsum Pulverizers
• Gypsum Pulverizers
• Dryer Mills
• Gypsum Hammer Crushers
• Single Roll Crushers
• Dryer Mills
• Gypsum Hammer Crushers
• Single Roll Crushers
• Process of calcining gypsum
• Calcination Examples
• Calcination Process Description
• Calcination Process
• Difference Between Calcination and Roasting
• Calcination Reactions
• Limestone Calcination
• Calcination of Gypsum
• Production of Gypsum Products
• Calcination of Gypsum Process

Chapter 17

Crystallistaion and Dissolution of Gypsum

• Mineralogy
• Crystal Nucleation: The Classical Nucleation Theory
• Induction period
• Classical and non-classical nucleation theories
• Surface energy
• Gypsum Nucleation Induction Period and the Surface Free Energy
• Induction time measurement and nucleation mechanisms
• Sketch of the experimental apparatus used to measure the induction time

Chapter 18

Gypsum Pelletizing

• Gypsum Waste
• Recycling Gypsum Products
• Pelletization
• Pelletizing Diagram
• Drying
• Simplified Pelletizing Diagram
• Uses for gypsum pellets
• Increased Plant Nutrition
• Water Infiltration
• Improved Soil Structure
• Erosion Relief
• Pond Remediation
• Applying Pelletized Gypsum Soil Conditioner
• Guaranteed Chemical Analysis
• The basics of gypsum pelletizing
• Gypsum processing equipment
• Disc pelletizers
• The Gypsum Pelletizer
• Rotary Dryer
• Front view
• Back view
• Rotary Dryers
• Gypsum Processing Equipment
• Material Processing
• Pelletizing Equipment
• Bulk material handling
• Binder
• Clamshell Pin Mixer for Limestone and Gypsum Pelletizing
• Drying Mined Gypsum
• Beneficiation
• Drying Gypsum for Use in Wallboard
• Pre-conditioning gypsum
• Producing gypsum board
• Why drying gypsum ore is important
• Benefits to drying pelletized gypsum
• Improved Product Handling
• Product Consistency
• The Benefits of Adding a Pin Mixer to a Gypsum
• De-Dusting
• Improved Productivity
• Reduced Binder Costs
• Improved Blending
• Pelletizing System
• Underwater Pelletizing System
• Water Cooling Strand Pelletizing System
• Under Water Strand Pelletizing System
• Air Cooling Strand Pelletizing System
• Air Cooling Die Face Pelletizing System
• Water Ring Pelletizing System

Chapter 19

BIS Specifications

• Terminology
• Types
• Gypsum Wallboards
• Gypsum Wallboard with Reduced Water
• Absorption Rate
• Gypsum Wallboard with Improved Core Cohesion at High Temperatures
• Gypsum Plaster Baseboard
• Gypsum Plaster Baseboard with Improved Core Cohesion at High Temperatures
• Materials
• Gypsum Plaster
• Manufacture
• Plain gypsum plaster boards according to is 2095 (part 1): 2011
• Name of the product Plain Gypsum Plaster Board
• Grouping Guidelines
• List of Test Equipment
• Major test equipment required to test as per the Indian Standard
• Scheme of Inspection and Testing

Chapter 20

Process Flow Sheet

• Flow diagram of the manufacturing gypsum and analysis
• Raw material preparation
• Manufacture gypsum

Chapter 21

Plant Layout

• Plant Location
• Evaluating Location Alternatives
• Markets
• Factors Affecting Plant Location
• Factors Evaluation
• Plant Layout
• The Production Line
• Other departments of the plant
• Plant Layout Method
• Activity Relationship Chart
• Typical Process of Manufacturing Gypsum Board
• Raw Materials
• Crusher
• Grinding Mill
• Calcine System
• Stucco Holding Tank
• Mixer
• Forming Station
• Typical Process of Manufacturing Gypsum Board
• Board Line
• Cut off Knife
• Transfer Table
• Kiln

Chapter 22

Preparation of Other Gypsum and Anhydrite

• Phosphogypsum
• What is the Difference Between Gypsum and Phosphogypsum?
• Summary – Gypsum vsPhosphogypsum
• Titanogypsum
• Insoluble Anhydrite
• Calcination
• Plaster mill-rock
• Batch Kettle
• Batch kettle with four transverse flues, usually oil or coal fired
• Continuous Kettles
• Continuous stucco production
• Submerged Combustion Kettles
• Kettle with submerged combustion
• Conical Kettle
• Conical kettle
• Analysis of stuccos produced
• Rotary Kilns
• Co-current rotary kiln
• Imp mill calcination
• Ring Ball and Roller Mills
• Claudius-Peters ring ball calciner with classifier
• Calcidyne Unit
• Calcidynecalcining system
• Anhydrous and Multiphase Plaster
• Conveyor kiln for anhydrite production
• Alpha-Hemihydrate Plasters
• Autoclave for alpha-plaster production

Chapter 23

BIS Specifications

• Terminology
• Types
• Gypsum Wallboards
• Gypsum Wallboard with Reduced Water
• Gypsum Wallboard with Improved Core Cohesion at High Temperatures
• Gypsum Plaster Baseboard
• Gypsum Plaster Baseboard with Improved Core Cohesion at High Temperatures

Chapter 24

Photographs of Machinery

• Automatic Production Line of Gypsum Board Machine
• Gypsum Plaster Board Making Machine with PLC Control System
• Gypsum Plaster Powder Production Line Manufacturers Equip
• Fluidized Bed Type Gypsum Plaster of Paris Powder Machine
• High Quality Advanced Gypsum Powder Plaster of Paris Making Machine
• Gypsum Plaster Powder Production Machinery
• Gypsum Dryer Working Process Machine
• Conveyor
• Crusher

Chapter 25

Plant Economics of Calcined Gypsum for Plaster in Construction Sector

• Introduction
• Gypsum and its Types
• Two Types of Gypsum: Natural and FGD
• Manufacturing process of calcined gypsum
• Reaction
• Preparation of Gypsum
• Preparation of Fuel
• Reserve Storage
• Quality of Plaster Produced
• Activities in gypsum processing
• Description
• Process Flow Diagram
• Technicalities, Emission & its Control in Gypsum Processing
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 26

Plant Economics of Dry Mix Mortar (DMM)

• Introduction
• Mortars
• Air-Setting Mortar
• Hot-Setting Bonding Mortar
• Masonry Cements
• Process and Equipment Mainly used in Dry Mortar Plant
• Raw Sand Receiving & Storage
• Cement, Fly ash and Additive receiving and storage
• Mixing
• Mixer Discharge and packing
• Raw Materials and Composition of Dry Mix Mortar
• Formulations
• Internal Plaster Mortar
• External Plaster Mortar
• Masonry Mortar
• Quick Setting Mortar (RCC)
• High Strength Mortar
• Repair Mortar (Mortar For Repair & Patcm Work)
• Self Leveling Flooring Mortar
• Premix RCC Mortar
• Process of Manufacture of Ready Dry Mix Mortar
• Working Process of Rotary Dryer
• Manufacturing of Various Types of Ready Mix Dry Mortars in the Same Plant
• Process Flow Diagram
• Ingredient used for the Manufacture of Ready Mix Dry Mortars
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 27

Plant Economics of Gypsum Board and Gypsum Wall Putty

• Introduction
• Wall Putty
• Manufacture of gypsum plaster board
• Edge and end profiles
• Requirements
• Dimensions of gypsum plaster boards
• Transverse Strength
• Breaking load of gypsum plaster boards
• Measurement of Taper Profile
• Taper Width
• Taper Depth
• Sampling and criteria for conformity
• Sale of sampling
• Number of tests and Criteria for Conformity
• Sample size
• Finish
• Packing and marking
• Manufacturing Process of Gypsum Board
• Preparation of Raw Materials
• Calcining of Gypsum
• Preparation of Paste
• Moulding in the form of Boards
• Drying of Boards
• Formulation of gypsum wall putty
• Process Flow Sheet
• Formulation of gypsum board
• Mixing method of wall putty
• Manufacturing process of gypsum wall putty
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Process flow diagram of gypsum wall putty
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 28

Plant Economics of Gypsum Plaster Board

• Introduction
• Gypsum Material Characteristics
• Abrasive
• Dust and Clumps
• Raw Material Description
• Gypsum board - a part replacement to wood
• Types of gypsum board
• Types of Gypsum Board (Based on Material strength)
• Gypsum liner board
• Manufacturing Technology for Gypsum Board
• Machines and Equipment
• Manufacturing process
• Process Flow Diagram
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 29

Plant Economics of Manufacturing of Plaster Board Liners (Heavy Duty Papers)

• Industry Overview
• Kraft Paper Unit
• Fiber Preparation
• Stock Preparation
• Approach flow
• Head Box
• Paper Machine
• Wire Table
• Press and Dryer Section
• D.C. Drive
• Finishing
• Rewinder
• Sheet Cutter
• Quality Control
• Waste Paper
• Local Suppliers
• Foreign Suppliers
• Water
• Air
• Effluent Treatment
• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum