Complete Technology Handbook on Cotton Production and other Cotton-based Products Manufacturing with Process and Project Profiles

Complete Technology Handbook on Cotton Production and other Cotton-based Products Manufacturing with Process and Project Profiles

ISBN: 9788189765767

Price: 2200/-

Book contains chapters on Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops, Advancements in Cotton Cultivation, The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton, Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton, Cotton Fiber Testing, Cotton Contamination, Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning, Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries, Cotton Weaving Technology, Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry, ROBOspin and Compact Spinning, Cotton in Nonwoven Products, Cotton Fabric Pre-treatment Processes for Better Dyeing/Printing Effects, Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing, Cotton Based Clothing, Innovations in the World of Textiles, Biomedical Application of Cotton and its Derivatives, Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton, Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton, Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton, Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton, Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing, Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing, Cottonseed Processing Plant, Crushing Ground Nuts and Cotton Seeds Refining, Surgical Cotton Industry, Screen Printing on Cotton, Polyester and Acrylics, Textile Dyeing, Bleaching, Finishing and Printing of Cotton Fabric, Absorbent Cotton, Cotton Sewing Thread (Bleaching Dyeing & Mercerising of Cotton Yarn), Cotton Yarn Dyeing, Tarpaulin (Chemical Water Proofing Process on Cotton Cloth), Cotton Garments (Gunjy Baniyan & Underwears), Cotton Swab, Cotton Yarn Spinning Plant, Cotton Saree Screen Printing, Advancements in Textile Printing, Cotton Blanket, Cotton Waste Spinning Plant, Jeans Cottons Casual and Shirts, Cotton Ginning & Pressing, Doubling Plant (Cotton and Fancy Doubling), Mercerising of Cotton Yarn (Hank), Viscose Rayon Yarn from Cotton Linters, Cotton Gloves (Knitted), Alkyd Resins based on Cotton Seed Oil, Cotton Bags Manufacturing Unit, Bio Fertilizer from Cotton Seed Cake, Cotton Seed Delinting/Crushing and Refining of Oil, Cotton Wax Fabric , Cellulose Powder from Cotton Linter (Waste of Cotton), Hydrophilic Cotton, Surgical Cotton, Gauze Band, Cotton Balls, Zig Zag Cotton, Surgical Cotton Wool, Packaging of Surgical Cotton Roll and Bandage, Alpha Cellulose Powder from Cotton Waste, Fibre Cotton from Silica Sand, Medical Cotton (Cap: Cotton Wool (500gm): 240 Rolls/Day & Cotton Gauze (1500gm): 3000 Rolls/Day, Plant Economics of Cotton (Rui) from Waste Cotton Cloth, Plant Economics of Fibre Cotton from Silica Sand, Plant Economics of Medical Cotton, Plant Economics of Spinning Cotton (Cotton Spinning Plant), Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton, Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage

Contents

Chapter 1

Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops

• Germplasm development, breeding, disease and insect resistance
• Original research
• Marker-assisted selection
• Sequencing tools as molecular markers
• New methods for disease resistance
• Biotic and abiotic stresses: Mapping, resistance genes and physiological traits
• Other new tools for breeding
• Sampling, fungal isolations and DNA extraction
• Multilocus sequencing
• Phylogenetic analyses
• Genetic diversity and haplotype network construction
• Host range, pathogenicity, and virulence experiments
• Phylogenetic analyses
• Genetic diversity and haplotype network
• Host range, pathogenicity and virulence
• Chapter 2
• Advancements in Cotton Cultivation
• Abiotic stress tolerance in cotton
• Biotic stress tolerance in cotton
• Cell and tissue culture technology
• Genetically modified cotton
• Cotton computational analysis
• Balanced Nutrition and Soil Test Fertilizer Recommendations
• Integrated nutrient management (INM)
• Cry toxin Expression a Function of N Supply and Timing of Application
• Poly-mulching
• Organic mulch
• Efficient Water Management:
• Precision Farming:
• Integrated Pest Management:
• Soil Health Management:
• Climate-Smart Agriculture:

Chapter 3

The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton

• Harvesting
• Cotton Pickers
• Storage
• Ginning process
• Ginning (lint-seed separation)
• Lint Cleaning
• Packaging
• Fibre quality
• Safety and Health Concerns
• Employee participation in safety programmes

Chapter 4

Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton

• Structure of Cotton Fiber:
• Non Cellulosic Constituents of Cotton:
• Chemical Composition of Cotton:

Chapter 5

Cotton Fiber Testing

• Direct Methods
• Degree of Wall Thickening
• Caustic Soda Swelling Test
• Indirect Methods
• Polarized Light Tests
• Differential Dyeing method

Chapter 6

Cotton Contamination

• Sources of contamination
• Contamination within raw material
• Cleaning of mixing and conditioning bin
• Frequent product change and loose fly spun
• Oil and grease stain after machine maintenance
• Contamination Detection System
• Manual process
• Gravimetric method
• Electro-optical method
• Working Principle
• Contamination detection by optical means
• Contamination ejection by ultrasonic means
• Contamination ejection by pneumatic valves
• Contamination removal at various stages of spinning
• Contamination removal at ginning stage
• Contamination removal on Blow room
• Contamination removal on carding and comber
• Contamination removal on draw frame and lappers
• Contamination removal on ring frame
• Contamination removal on winding
• Cotton Contamination Cleaner Machine

Chapter 7

Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning

• Introduction
• Blowroom
• Difference Between Types of Plucking Roller of Automatic Bale Opener
• Rieter Automatic Bale Opener
• Trützschler Automatic Bale Opener (Blendomat BO-A)
• Marzoli Automatic Bale Opener (Super Blender)
• Lakshmi Bale Plucking Machine
• Compact Blowroom Line
• Compact Blowroom Line of Trützschler
• Mote Knife with Suction in Place of Grid bar
• Mixing/Blending of Raw Material
• Color and Other Impurities Removal
• Barco Cotton Sorter for Detection and Removal of Contaminants in Raw Cotton
• Rieter Vision Shield, Metal Shield, Fire Shield and the Combo Shield
• Loptex Optosonic Sorter
• Online Parameter Settings
• Trutzschler Waste control and Clean commander
• Carding
• Neps Removal Efficiency (%) and Neps %
• Web-Cleaning Device
• Nep Control Device
• Drawframe
• Auto Break Draft Setting
• Clean Coil
• Use a Camera to Monitor the Sliver Quality
• Tension Measuring System
• Pneumatic Pressure Head
• Short Term Auto-Levelers
• Simplex
• Flyer Speed
• Roving Bobbin Transport System
• Roving Stop Motions
• Electronic Driving System
• Computer Monitoring Device
• Ring-Spinning
• Rotor Spinning

Chapter 8

Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries

• Savio Group
• Marzoli
• Saurer Spinning Solutions
• Sahm’sBoDo
• Trützschler Spinning
• Rieter
• Rotor spinning
• Air Jet/Fasciated yarn spinning system
• Friction spinning system
• Vortex spinning process
• Compact spinning system
• Siro-spinning system

Chapter 9

Cotton Weaving Technology

• Introduction
• Preparatory processes for weaving
• Warping
• Warp sizing
• Drawing-in and denting
• Weaving process
• Weaving operation
• Different Varieties of Weaving Machines Employed in Cotton Fabric Manufacturing
• Rapier Looms
• Shuttle Looms
• Tying-in And Drawing-in
• Weaving Technologies

Chapter 10

Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry

• Types of Cotton Fibre
• Properties of Cotton Fibre
• Knitting Industry and Role of Cotton Fiber in the Industry
• Basic Concepts and Definitions
• The Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Knitting Machines
• Concept of Knitting Machines’ Classification
• Weft knitting
• Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine
• Weft Knitting Machine Knitting Process with Latch Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine
• Warp knitting
• Weft knitting machines
• List of weft knitting machines
• Warp knitting machines:
• List of warp knitting machines
• Flat knitting machines
• Circular knitting machines
• List of circular knitting machines:

Chapter 11

ROBOspin and Compact Spinning

• The Key To High Efficiency
• Fully Automated From A To Z
• Consistent performance with minimal personnel deployment
• Save 10% Energy
• Better Utilize the Raw Material
• Save Space
• Reduce Personnel
• Earn More
• Be Flexible
• Profit Further

Chapter 12

Cotton in Nonwoven Products

• Introduction
• Characteristics
• What is it about non-woven cotton that makes it so special?
• Nonwoven Fabrics in consumer products
• Cotton in Nonwoven Personal Care Products
• Pain Relief
• Nursing Pads
• Adhesive Dental Sponge
• Nasal Strip
• Diapers
• Cotton in Nonwoven Feminine Hygiene Products
• Cotton in Nonwoven Medicals and Surgery
• Cotton in Nonwoven Apparel
• Cotton Interlining and Interfacing
• Military Apparel
• Contamination Control Gown/Examination Gowns
• Cotton in nonwoven home textile and upholstery
• Bedding
• Mattresses
• Curtains
• Wallcovering
• Carpets
• Cotton in Nonwoven Wipes
• Functional Nonwoven Textiles
• Other Nonwovens in Consumer Products

Chapter 13

Cotton Fabric Pre-treatment Processes for Better Dyeing/Printing Effects

• Purpose of fabric pre-treatments
• Cotton Pretreatment Processes
• Grey cloth inspection
• Shearing and cropping
• Singeing
• Scouring
• Desizing
• Bleaching
• Souring
• Mercerising
• Benefits of mercerisation on a cotton fabric

Chapter 14

Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing

• Introduction
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Process flow diagram for Dyed cotton yarn
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity (per annum)
• Motive Power
• Pollution Control
• Energy conservation
• Factors Influencing the Dyeing Process
• Preparation for Medium
• Preparation for the Dyeing Process
• Cotton Fiber Dyeing Method
• Yarn Dyeing Methods
• Batch Dyeing
• Hank Dyeing
• Beam Dyeing Method
• Continuous Dyeing Method
• Rope Dyeing Method
• Slasher Dyeing Method
• Machinery Used for Dyeing
• Dyeing Machine for Loose Cotton Fiber and Sliver
• Machines for Dyeing Cotton Yarn
• Hank Yarn Dyeing Machine
• Package Dyeing Machine

Chapter 15

Cotton Based Clothing

• Cotton Plant Varieties
• Gossypiumhirsutum
• Gossypiumbarbadense
• Gossypium arboretum
• Gossypiumherbaceum
• Cotton Fabric Varieties
• Short-staple cotton
• Long-staple cotton
• Extra-long-staple cotton
• Egyptian cotton
• Pima cotton
• Supima cotton
• Comfort Properties of Cotton-Based Clothing
• Comfort Properties of Dyed Cotton/Mildewed Blended Rotor Yarn Fabrics
• Comfort Properties of Blend Weft Knit Fabrics
• Innovative Design Concept for Providing Comfort in Hot Arid Climate
• Softness
• Drapability
• Thermal Comfort
• Softness
• Drapability
• Thermal Comfort
• Air Permeability
• The Durability of Cotton-Based Clothing

Chapter 16

Innovations in the World of Textiles

• Fabrics From Seaweed
• Reusing Fabric Waste
• 3D Printing
• Temperature-Sensitive Clothing
• Metal-Less Conductivity
• Sustainable Packaging
• New Fabrics
• Virtual Fashion
• Textile Chemistry

Chapter 17

Biomedical Application of Cotton and its Derivatives

• Introduction
• Products
• The healthcare and hygiene products
• Medical and Pharmacy division
• Types of Fibers Used in Medical Textiles
• Types of Fabrics Used
• Classification of Medical Textiles
• Implantable Materials
• Product Applications
• Non-Implantable Materials
• Extra Corporal Devices
• Health Care & Hygienic Products
• Fibers Used in Different Purposes in Medical & Health Care
• Applications of Medical Textiles
• Contact Lenses
• N95 Mask
• Surgical Mask
• Surgical Gown
• Sanitary Napkin
• Diaper
• Bandages
• Human Textile
• Uses of Smart and Nanotechnology in Medical Textiles

Chapter 18

Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton

• Cellulose Chemistry
• Mechanisms of Modification of Cotton Fiber and Fabric

Chapter 19

Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton

• Superhydrophobicity
• Modification methods of natural fibers for hydrogel production
• Hydrogel synthesis from plant fibers
• Automotive application
• Barrier properties and applications

Chapter 20

Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton

• Antimicrobial activity
• Medical
• Wound healing
• Drug delivery
• Insecticidal potential

Chapter 21

Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton

• Conductive textiles
• Photocatalytic degradation
• Oil–water separation
• Antimicrobial properties
• Antibacterial activity
• Electrical Conductivity, Sensitivity, and EMI Shielding
• Chemical Detoxification and Photocatalysis
• Multi-advanced Applications

Chapter 22

Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing

• Recycled cotton fibers are made from:
• How Mélange yarn is mase?
• Type of mélange yarns
• Grey mélange and ecru mélange yarn
• Fiber Preparation Methods
• Dyeing of Virgin Cotton
• Recycled Fibers as a Raw Material for Mélange Yarn
• Sorting and Cleaning
• Cutting
• Material Conditioning
• Shoddying or Tearing
• Baling
• Mélange Yarn Spinning
• Blended mélange yarn
• Non blended mélange yarn
• Applications of mélange yarn
• Important features of mélange yarn
• Common problems in making mélange yarn
• Factors Affecting Spinning Mélange Yarn
• Fiber Selection
• Blending
• Processing

Chapter 23

Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing

• Possible and Practical Software Approaches in the Melange Yarn Industry
• Automated Visual Inspection of Yarn
• Limitations of conventional inspections
• Transfer All Know-how from the Technician to the Factory
• Control Every Knitting Machine from One Dashboard
• Boost Functionality of Textile Factory ERP System
• Automate Knitting Machine Setup and Maintenance
• Greater Accuracy and Efficiency in Quality Control
• Elevate the Quality of Knitted Fabrics

Chapter 24

Cottonseed Processing Plant

• Introduction to Cottonseed Oil Extraction Plant
• Process Description of scienti-fic processing of Cotton Seed Processing
• Features of Cottonseed Oil Processing Plant
• The Process of Cottonseed Oil Plant
• Section I:  Cottonseeds Pretreatment and Prepressing Workshop
• Section II: Cottonseed Cake Solvent Extraction Workshop
• Oil Extraction
• Evaporating and Stripping
• Solvent recovery
• Section III: Crude Cottonseed Oil Refinery Plant
• Degumming
• De-acidification
• Bleaching
• Deodorization
• Cottonseed Oil Fractionation Plant
• Cotton Seed Products and Uses
• Cottonseed Oil Processing Machines
• Solvent Extraction Method
• Cottonseed Oil Refining
• Cottonseed Oil Fractionation

Chapter 25

Crushing Ground Nuts and Cotton Seeds Refining

• Cleaning
• Shelling
• Grading
• Crushing
• Rolling or grinding
• Steaming or Cooking
• Pressing
• Peanut oil pressing methods
• Filtering
• Refining
• Cotton Seeds Oil Refinery Plant
• The Process of Cotton Seeds Oil Refinery Plant
• Degumming
• Neutralizing
• Bleaching
• Deodorization
• Composition and Content of Cottonseed Oil
• Cottonseed Oil Needs Refining
• Flow chart
• Cottonseed oil refining workshop
• Flow chart

Chapter 26

Surgical Cotton Industry

• Manufacturing process for surgical cotton
• Technical Details
• Indian Specification
• Raw material requirements
• Flow process chart for the manufacture
• Opening and cleaning of Raw Cotton
• Bleaching
• Removal of Chemicals
• Drying
• Lapping
• Carding
• Rolling
• Weighing and cutting
• Quality Control & Specification
• Qualitative parameters of the product
• Machinery & Equipment required for the manufacturing
• Blow-room machine
• Bleaching range
• Hydro extractor
• Dryer
• Lapping machine
• Carding machine
• Rolling machine
• Cutting machine
• Packaging machine

Chapter 27

Screen Printing on Cotton, Polyester and Acrylics

• Cotton
• Polyester
• Acrylic
• Screen print on different kinds of fabrics
• Cotton fabrics
• Silk fabrics
• Wool fabrics
• Acrylic and polyester fabrics
• Jersey fabrics
• Flat Screen Printing Machine

Chapter 28

Textile Dyeing, Bleaching, Finishing and Printing of Cotton Fabric

• Dyeing
• Printing
• Finishing
• Different types of Textile Finishing
• Chemical Finishing Methods
• Mechanical Finishing Methods
• Washing and Drying
• Stabilizing
• Other Finishes
• Textile Finishing Machines

Chapter 29

Absorbent Cotton

• Manufacturing of medical absorbent cotton
• Purity test for medical absorbent cotton

Chapter 30

Cotton Sewing Thread (Bleaching Dyeing & Mercerising of Cotton Yarn)

• Thread Manufacturing
• Thread Types
• Some varieties of Continuous Filament Threads
• Wet Processing - Dye Package Winding
• Wet Processing - Dyeing
• Bleaching
• Mercerization
• Mechanism
• Source
• Advantages of Mercerization
• Types of Mercerization
• Hot Mercerization
• Advantages of Hot Mercerization
• Slack/Cold Mercerization
• Wet Processing - Mercerising
• Finishing - Final Winding
• Thread Sizing
• Factors leading To Mercerization
• Twaddle (Unit of concentration of NaOH)
• Temperature
• Tension
• Time
• Steps of a Typical Mercerizing Cycle and Their Significance

Chapter 31

Cotton Yarn Dyeing

• Yarn Dyeing
• Different Types or Methods of Yarn Dyeing
• Package Dyeing
• Hank Dyeing
• Space Dyeing
• Warp Beam Dyeing
• Process Flow Chart for 100% Cotton Yarn (Dark/Medium/Light Shade)
• Pretreatment
• Dyeing
• After-treatment

Chapter 32

Tarpaulin (Chemical Water Proofing Process on Cotton Cloth)

• Purpose of Waterproofing
• Principle of Waterproofing
• Requirements
• Method
• Chemicals Used
• Process

Chapter 33

Cotton Garments (Gunjy Baniyan & Under wears)

• Natural Fabric Used for Underwear
• Cotton fabric
• Hemp fabric
• Silk fabric
• Bamboo viscose fabric
• Merino wool fabric
• Synthetic Fabric Used for Underwear:
• Organza fabric
• Florence net fabric
• Nylon fabric
• Spandex fabric
• Polyester fabric
• Various Fabrics Used for Lingerie
• Satin fabric
• Lace fabric
• Jersey fabric
• Mesh fabric
• Microfiber fabric
• Manufacturing of Hosiery Products
• Introduction
• Market Snapshot
• Raw Materials
• Process of Manufacture

Chapter 34

Cotton Swab

• Introduction
• Raw Material
• Machine Required
• Automatic Cotton Swab Making Machine
• Manufacturing Process
• Byproducts/Waste

Chapter 35

Cotton Yarn Spinning Plant

• Introduction
• Spinning
• Types of Spinning
• Dry Spinning
• Wet Spinning
• Melt Spinning
• Gel Spinning
• Yarn
• How is Cotton manufactured from the Yarn?
• Cotton Yarn Spinning
• Weaving of Cotton
• Finishing of Cotton
• Cotton Yarn Spinning Process
• Below mentioned is how the Man-made Fibers manufacturing Process
• Blow Room
• Action of Opposing Spikes
• Action of Air Currents
• Action of Beaters
• Carding
• Carding Action
• Stripping Action
• Draw Frame
• Tasks of Draw frame
• Equalizing
• Parallelizing
• Blending
• Combing
• Objects of Comber
• Basic Principle of a Comber (Combing sequence/Cycle)
• Roving Frame/Speed Frame/Simplex
• Objectives of speed frame
• Operation involved in speed frame:
• Drafting
• Twisting
• Winding
• Ring Frame
• Functions of ring frame:
• Operations involved in ring frame:
• Advantage of Ring Spinning System:
• Disadvantages of Ring Spinning System:
• Limitations:
• Cone Winding

Chapter 36

Cotton Saree Screen Printing

• Different Types of Textile Printing Methods:
• Screen Printing
• Flat Screen Printing
• Rotary Screen Printing

Chapter 37

Advancements in Textile Printing

• Introduction
• Recent Developments in Textile Printing
• Inkjet Printing
• Methodology of inkjet printing
• Types of inkjet printing
• Drop on demand
• Continuous flow
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Screen Printing
• Types of screen printing
• Adhesive system
• Squeeze system
• Drying unit
• Recent Technological Developments in Flat Screen Printing Machine
• Rotary screen printing machine
• Transfer Printing
• Types of transfer printing
• Melt transfer
• Film release
• Wet transfer
• Flexographic printing
• Advancements in flexographic printing:
• Extended Color Gamut (ECG) Flexo printing
• Hybrid Flexo/inkjet printing systems:
• Digital Printing
• Advantages:

Chapter 38

Cotton Blanket

• Manufacturing Process
• Yarn Preparation
• Knitting
• Dyeing/Printing Fabric
• Enhancing Appearance
• Cutting for Size
• Embroidery
• Sewing And Hemming
• Vacuuming
• Quality Checking
• LabelingAnd Packaging
• Blankets & Quilts
• Raw Materials
• Production Process
• Types of Cotton Blankets

Chapter 39

Cotton Waste Spinning Plant

• Introduction:
• List of Blowroom Waste
• List of Carding Waste
• List of Waste in Combing
• Waste in Simplex/Roving Frame
• Waste in Ring Frame
• List of Waste in Cotton Spinning Mill with Percentage
• Factors for Waste Generation in Spinning Mill:
• Concept of Waste
• Waste in Garment Industry
• Waste Management Systems in the Textile and Fashion Industry
• Waste Management in Spinning Mill
• Factors for Waste Management in Spinning Mill
• Textiles with technical applications
• Composting
• Source Reduction
• Regeneration

Chapter 40

Jeans Cottons Casual and Shirts

• Introduction
• Manufacturing of Denim Fabric
• Flow Chart of Denim Production Process:
• Cotton Fiber
• Denim Weaving
• Jeans Manufacturing Process and Finishing
• Flow Chart of Jeans Manufacturing Process:
• Major segments of jeans manufacturing
• Joining Techniques
• Digital Printing of Denim
• Denim Garment Washing Techniques
• Enzyme Washing
• Effects of cellulase enzymes on denim
• Reduced Water Washing
• Jeans Finishing Process
• Comfort Aspects of Jeans
• Casual and Shirts
• Introduction
• Significance of shirts
• Developing trends in shirt manufacturing industry:
• Categories of shirts and trends in fabrics and structures
• Formal shirts
• Fiber content
• Structures
• Popular formal shirts
• Fiber content
• Structures
• Casual shirts
• Fiber content
• Structures
• Occasional shirts
• Fiber content
• Structures

Chapter 41

Cotton Ginning & Pressing

• Objects of Cotton Ginning:
• Types of Cotton Ginning:
• Faults of Cotton Ginning Process
• Modern Cotton Ginning Machine
• Feeder
• Dryer
• Cylinder Cleaner
• Stick Machine
• Extractor Feeder
• Gin Stand
• Lint Cleaner
• Bale Press
• Operation principle of gin stand
• Types of gin stand
• Saw-roller gin
• Knife Roller Gin
• Pressing Process
• Basic Components/Para-meters of Pressing
• Classification of Pressing
• Objectives of Pressing Process in Garment Industry
• Necessary Equipments for Garment Pressing
• Steam Iron
• Steam Pressing Machine
• Working process of steam pressing machine

Chapter 42

Doubling Plant (Cotton and Fancy Doubling)

• The doubling process
• Ring Doubling Frame
• Main Parts
• Specification
• Gearing diagram of ring doubling frame
• Yarn Count and Twist
• Definition of Twist
• Nature of Twist
• Real twist
• False twist
• Twist Direction
• Cotton Yarn Spinning Process
• Man-made Fibers manufacturing
• Objects of Doubling and Twisting
• Doubling and twisting are two separate operations
• Doubling
• Passage of material through Ring Doubler
• Twist and Twist Direction Effects
• Properties of Double or Folded Yarn
• Application of Double Yarn

Chapter 43

Mercerising of Cotton Yarn (Hank)

• Yarn mercerisation in hank form
• Machine description
• Process sequence
• Precaution
• Yarn mercerizing in continuous sheet form
• Machine description
• Process sequence
• Yarn mercerization machine principle
• Flowchart of Hank mercerization process
• Flowchart of Fabric mercerization process
• Slack mercerization
• Mercerization Chemicals
• Sodium hydroxide
• Factors Affecting Mercerization
• Moisture Regain Influence On The Mercerization
• Moisture regains
• Reasons for increasing moisture regain

Chapter 44

Viscose Rayon Yarn from Cotton Linters

• Introduction
• Viscose Rayon
• Manufacturing Process of Viscose Rayon
• Steeping
• Pressing
• Shredding
• Aging
• Xanthation
• Dissolving
• Ripening
• Filtration and deaeration
• Degassing
• Spinning – (Wet Spinning):
• Drawing
• Washing
• Cutting
• Winding and stretching

Chapter 45

Cotton Gloves (Knitted)

• Characteristics of Knit Fabric
• Easy to carry
• Formula for calculating knit fabric consumption

Chapter 46

Alkyd Resins based on Cotton Seed Oil

Chapter 47

Cotton Bags Manufacturing Unit

• Introduction
• Types of Cotton Bags
• Raw Material
• Machinery Requirement
• Manufacturing Process
• Plant and Machinery
• Technology/Manufacturing Machine
• Main technical parameters:
• Printing Machine
• Main technical parameters

Chapter 48

Bio Fertilizer from Cotton Seed Cake

• Introduction
• Mineral Compositions
• Ashing and digestion of plant parts
• Carbohydrate Content
• Contents in Cotton seed cake
• Benefits of Catton Seed Cake

Chapter 49

Cotton Seed Delinting/Crushing and Refining of Oil

• Methods of Cottonseed Delinting
• Process Description of scientific processing of Cotton Seed Processing
• Process
• Cottonseed Oil Refining Plant Process:
• Degumming
• Neutralization
• Bleaching
• Deodorization
• Vapour Scrubbing
• Extracting Oil from Cottonseed Cakes by Solvent
• Equipment for Cottonseed Delinting
• Cottonseeds Pre-treatment Equipment
• Removing the Solvent
• Solvent Recovery
• Cottonseed Oil Solvent Extraction Plant
• Desolventizer

Chapter 50

Cotton Wax Fabric

• Use
• Oil, fat and wax
• Batik Printing

Chapter 51

Cellulose Powder from Cotton Linter (Waste of Cotton)

• Technical information regarding cotton linters
• Manufacturing Method
• Sorting of cotton wastes
• Alkaline pretreatment and bleaching of cotton lint
• Acid hydrolysis
• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
• Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
• X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Chapter 52

Hydrophilic Cotton

• Process of manufacturing hydrophilic cotton
• Hydrophilic cotton roll
• Outlook

Chapter 53

Surgical Cotton, Gauze Band, Cotton Balls, Zig Zag Cotton

• Uses
• Advantages
• Manufacturing process
• Gauze Band
• Cotton Balls
• Manufacturing process
• Zig Zag Cotton
• The manufacturing process
• Manufacturing process of cotton rolls:

Chapter 54

Surgical Cotton Wool

• Manufacturing process
• Uses

Chapter 55

Packaging of Surgical Cotton Roll and Bandage

• The packaging process

Chapter 56

Alpha Cellulose Powder from Cotton Waste

Chapter 57

Fibre Cotton from Silica Sand

• Manufacturing process
• Details of Silica Fibre
• Manufacturing process of fibre cotton from silica sand (beach sand)
• Process flow diagram for the manufacture of cotton fibre from silica sand

Chapter 58

Medical Cotton (Cap: Cotton Wool (500gm): 240 Rolls/Day & Cotton Gauze (1500gm): 3000 Rolls/Day

• Process of manufacture of surgical cotton
• Mechanical cleaning of raw cotton
• Boiling
• Bleaching
• Hydroextraction
• Drying
• Carding
• Sterlization
• Packing
• Flow sheet for the manufacture of surgical cotton
• Round Bale Plucker
• Six Beater

Chapter 59

Plant Economics of Cotton (Rui) from Waste Cotton Cloth

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 60

Plant Economics of Fibre Cotton from Silica Sand

• Plant Economics
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 61

Plant Economics of Medical Cotton

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 62

Plant Economics of Spinning Cotton (Cotton Spinning Plant)

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 63

Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton

• Plant Economics
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 64

Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage

• Plant Economics
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum