Complete Technology Hand Book on Hospital Disposable Products (Medical, Surgical, Blood Collection Tube, Latex Gloves, I.V. Cannula, Gowns, Face Mask, Catheter, Cotton Bandage, Syringes and Needles)

Welcome to the "Technology Handbook on Hospital Disposable Products," a comprehensive guide that delves into the intricacies of medical and surgical disposable items. In an ever-evolving field where precision, quality, and safety are paramount, this book serves as an invaluable resource for anyone involved in the production, distribution, or utilization of these essential products. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a manufacturer, or simply a curious reader seeking to expand your knowledge, this handbook is designed to be your go-to reference.

A Journey Through the World of Medical Disposables

The world of medical disposables is vast and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of products crucial to patient care and medical procedures. Our book opens the door to this dynamic landscape, guiding you through various aspects of disposable medical devices. With chapters that cover everything from the inception of these products to their manufacturing processes and the rigorous quality standards they must meet, we provide an extensive overview of the industry.

Understanding the Essentials

Our journey commences with a foundational understanding. The book offers an introduction to the world of disposable medical products, setting the stage for more in-depth exploration. We delve into topics like CE marking, a critical aspect that demonstrates the conformity of these products to European health, safety, and environmental protection standards.

The Importance of Cleanroom Technology

Cleanroom technology is a crucial element in the manufacturing process of medical disposables. We explore this essential component, which ensures that these products remain free from contaminants and meet the highest hygiene standards.

Packaging Matters

Packaging might seem mundane, but in the world of medical disposables, it plays a pivotal role in preserving the integrity of these products. Our book sheds light on the intricacies of medical device packaging, emphasizing the need for security, sterilization, and user-friendliness.

Diving into Specifics

The heart of this handbook lies in the detailed exploration of various hospital disposable products. We examine blood bags, plastic gloves, masks, catheters, surgical gowns, and much more. Our chapters provide insights into the production processes, quality control, and industry standards associated with each of these items.

Economic Perspectives

To provide a well-rounded view of the industry, this book includes sections on the economic aspects of medical disposables. You'll find comprehensive analyses of the plant economics of different products, including blood bags, syringes, gloves, IV fluid solutions, and more. These insights are not only valuable for manufacturers but also for investors and entrepreneurs looking to venture into this field.

"Technology Handbook on Hospital Disposable Products" is an extensive reference that caters to a broad spectrum of readers. Whether you're a medical professional seeking to enhance your understanding of the tools you use daily or an industry insider looking for economic perspectives, this book has something to offer. We've strived to create a resource that is both informative and accessible, bridging the gap between technical knowledge and practical application.

We invite you to explore the world of hospital disposable products with us, to gain a deeper understanding of the innovations and technologies that drive this industry forward. As you turn the pages of this handbook, we hope you find the information within both enlightening and inspiring, whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone with a curious mind. Together, we will journey through the intricate world of hospital disposable products, where innovation meets necessity, and science meets compassion.

The book covers various aspects concerned with the disposable medical devices and presents an overview of the processes involved with their machineries and specifications. Hand Book on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products (Blood Bags, Plastic Gloves, I.V. Cannula, Infusion Set, Gowns, Masks, Catheter, Cotton and Bandage, Surgical Wear, Syringes) contains chapters on Introduction, CE Marking, Cleanroom Technology, Medical Device Packaging, Disposable Blood Bags, Disposable Plastic Gloves, Disposable Masks, Disposable Surgical Catheters, Disposable Surgical Wear (Surgical Gowns, Bed Sheets, Pillow Cover, Caps), Disposable Plastic Syringes, Intra-venous (I.V.) Cannula, Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set, Surgical Cotton and Bandages, Plant Economics of Active Pharma Ingredients (API) [Azithromycin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Pregablin, Naproxen, Ketoprofen], Plant Economics of Disposable Blood Bags, Plant Economics of Disposable Plastic Syringe, Plant Economics of Isopropyl Alcohol (Medical Alcohol), Plant Economics of IV Fluid Solutions Manufacturing Plant Limited to 0.9% Normal Saline, Sterile Water and Dextrose Solutions, Plant Economics of PP Non-Woven 3 Ply Mask, Surgeon Cap and Shoe Cover, Plant Economics of Sterilization & Packaging Unit of Latex Gloves, Plant Economics of Surgical & NBR Gloves Manufacturing Unit, Plant Economics of Surgical and Non-woven Disposable Products like Syringes, Buffant Caps, Face Mask, Caps, Surgical Gown, Drape, Apron, Shoe Cover etc., Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage, Plant Economics of Syringe and Catheter, Plant Economics of Vacuum Blood Collection Tube, Plant Economics of Vinyl Gloves.

Chapter 1

Introduction 

• Medical Device Manufacturing: A Primer
• Design, Prototyping and Product Development
• Design and developing 
• Prototyping products 
• Conforming to International Standards
• Prototype fields of research
• Pilot Medical Device Manufacturing
• Cell Manufacturing 
• Medical Device Component Creation
• 3D Printing 
• Welding 
• Medical Device Software Development 
• Quality Control
• Packaging 
• Manufacturing medical devices 
• Importance of Testing 
• Contents-cum-Index

Chapter 2

CE Marking  

• Meaning of ‘CE’ 
• Meaning of CE Marking 
• How to obtain CE marking? 
• Medical devices
• Regulatory context 
• Classification and choosing the Conformity Assessment Route 
• Preparing for the assessment procedure – the technical file 
• Conformity Assessment routes 
• Final steps to CE mark 
• Exemptions from CE marking 
• Active Implantable Medical Devices 
• In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices 
• Competent Authority 
• Notified Body 
• Guide to CE Marking 
• Reproduce the CE marking 
• Steps for Class I Medical Devices Compliance 
• Conformity Assessment Procedures 

Chapter 3

Cleanroom Technology 

• Introduction 
• Humans in Cleanrooms
• Contamination Process 
• Common Cleanroom Contaminants 
• Best Practices for Entrance Rooms, Garment Rooms, Ante-rooms 
• Hand Washing Best Practices for Cleanrooms 
• How to Wash Hands with Soap & Water in a Cleanroom 
• Sterile Gloving Technique for Cleanrooms 
• Cleanroom Gloves 
• Best Practices for Donning Cleanrooms Gloves
• Cleanroom Gowning Procedure & Protocol 
• Cleanroom Gowning Procedure Checklist 
• Gowning Order Variations 
• Sources of Contamination 
• Key Elements of Contamination Control 
• List of Some of Equipment and Supplies Needed to Clean the Cleanroom 
• Cleanroom Apparel 
• Cleanroom Cleaning Supplies 
• Cleanroom Documentation 
• Cleanroom Equipment 
• Cleanroom Air Showers 
• Containment Hoods 
• DI Water Spray Guns 
• UV Disinfection Equipment 
• Dessicator Cabinets 
• Equipment For Cleanrooms and Labs 
• Classification of Cleanrooms 
• According to ISO 14644-1 
• According to FS 209 
• According to the EU GMP 
• Particle Size Range 
• ISO 5/Grade A 
• ISO 6/Grade B 
• ISO 7/Grade C 
• ISO 8/Grade D 
• Conventionally Ventilated Cleanrooms 
• Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms 
• Mixed Flow Cleanrooms 
• Isolator or Mini environment 
• Mixed air flow 
• Mini-Environments 
• Federal 209e Standards 
• USP Standards 
• ASTM International Standards 
• GMP & CGMP Regulations 
• Cleanroom Garment System
• Cleanroom garment fabrics 
• Cleanroom garment attributes 
• The balance between comfort and filtration efficiency 
• Patient safety versus comfort of the personnel 
• Cleanroom garments in GMP operations 
• Quality Risk Management 
• Quality Risk Management Cleanroom garments 
• Cleanroom use and cleanroom garments in the future 
• Testing cleanroom garments 
• Cleanliness of fabric and (or) garment 
• Effect of the Garment Design on Dispersion
• Comparison of Clothing made from Different Fabrics
• Disposable Cleanroom Suit Fabric Types 
• Spun-bonded or Thermal Bond Fabric 
• Flash-Spun Fabric 
• Melt-Blown Fabric 
• Spun-bonded/Melt-Blown/Spun-bonded (SMS) Fabric 
• Film Laminate Fabric 
• Microporous Film Laminate Fabric 
• General Cleanroom Regulations 
• Layout of Cleanroom Suite 
• Cleaning Methods and the Physics of Cleaning Surfaces 
• Cleaning Methods with Respect to Area Type 
• Understanding cleaning and disinfection 
• Cleaning Method of Cleaning Surfaces 
• Selecting the most appropriate agents
• Understanding types of disinfectants 
• Validating disinfectants 
• Factors which affect disinfectant efficacy 
• Cleaning materials 
• Cleaning techniques 
• Monitoring cleaning and disinfection efficiency 
• Cleaning Methods with Respect to Area Type 
• Choice of Materials 
• Flooring options  
• Locating viewing panels 
• Choose easy-to-clean doors 
• Test Methods 
• ISO Class 1-8 
• Furniture 
• Cleanroom Chairs 
• Cleanroom Tables 
• Gowning Benches & Racks 
• General Cleanroom Furniture Considerations 
• Specifications 
• Hygiene 
• Resilience 
• Final Thoughts 
• General Cleanroom Regulations 
• Personal Actions Typically Prohibited in Cleanrooms 

Chapter 4

Medical Device Packaging 

• Packaging 
• Packaging Design Controls 
• User Preference 
• Understanding User Requirements 
• Packaging Material 
• Paper 
• Tyvek® 
• Aluminum 
• Plastic
• Adhesives & coatings 
• Inks
• Package Validation 
• Validation Testing 
• Where to Look When a Failure Occurs 
• Integrity Validation Failures 
• Dye Migration Test tests packaging seals for weakness
• Strength Validation Failures 
• Microbial Validation Failures 
• Procurement, Acceptance and Storage 
• Analyze prices 
• Purchase timing  
• Assess suppliers  
• Sourcing process 
• Packaging Process 
• Package design considerations 
• Sterilization options 
• Package testing requirements 
• Validation processes 
• Product Specification: Pouch 
• Header Bag (Specification Form)
• Header Bag 
• Mandatory Label Information 
• Label Integrity 
• Receipt and inspection 
• Area Separation and Inspection 
• Storage 
• Label Check and Record 
• Changes 
• Relabeling and Overlabeling 
• Control Number 
• Product Identity Declaration 
• Net quantity declaration 
• Dealer name and place of business (dealer identification)
• Language
• Location 
• Type face 
• Type height 
• Imported goods
• Bulk imports 
• Country of origin marking
• Net Quantity Declaration 
• Manner of declaring 
• Location and manner of presentation
• Type face
• Type height 
• Minimum type heights
• Units 
• Units of measurement
• Choice of units 
• Precision of number
• Exemptions 
• Dealer's name and principal place of business 
• Definition 
• Language  
• Location 
• Type face 
• Type height  
• Imported goods 
• Other 
• General exemptions 
• Bilingual labelling 
• Exemption from the detailed labeling requirements 
• Different Stages of Packaging 
• Primary Packaging 
• Secondary Packaging 
• Tertiary Packaging 
• Chevron pouches for medical devices 
• Corner peel pouch 
• Tear pouches 
• Header bags 
• Chevron header pouches 
• Lidded thermoformed trays 
• Lidded rigid trays 
• Lidded flexible trays 
• Die Cut Backer Cards 
• Recycling 
• Benefits of Using a Backer Card 
• Folding Cartons 
• Corrugated Shipping Containers 
• Packaging Standards 
• Packaging for Terminally Sterilized Medical Devices 
• ASTM International Standards 
• ASTM D Standards 
• Standard Test Method for Detecting Seal Leaks in Porous Medical Packaging by Dye Penetration 
• Current Good Manufacturing Guidelines for Finished Pharmaceutical Goods 
• Guidelines 
• Materials examination and usage criteria
• Labeling issuance 
• Packaging and labeling operations 
• Drug product inspection 
• Expiration dating 

Chapter 5

Disposable Blood Bags 

• Introduction
• Flexible PVC Blood Bags 
• Properties of Disposable Blood Bags 
• Raw Material 
• Plant & Machinery  
• Quality of the Raw Materials 
• Neural surface 
• No damage when bent to a small radius 
• Heat resistance, so can steam sterilise prior to use
• Must not burst in the centrifuge, or tear on handling 
• Permeable to oxygen, but not too permeable to water 
• Moderate cost 
• Processing and welding 
• Assessment 
• Manufacturing Process 
• Raw Material Required 
• Blood Bag Manufacturing Flow Chart 
• Blood making/Forming mchine 

Chapter 6

Disposable Plastic Gloves 

• Latex Gloves 
• Nitrile Gloves 
• Vinyl Gloves 
• Ansell gloves for cleanroom
• Types of disposable gloves
• Properties 154
• Glove Selection 
• Raw Materials 
• Uses of Disposable Gloves
• Medical Usage 
• Food Service Usage 
• Industrial Usage
• Home Use 
• Machine and Equipment Required 
• Manufacturing Process 
• Further Process 
• Latex disposable gloves Production Unit Setup & Machinery 
• Production Process & Technology 
• Glove Manufacturing Machines 
• Flow chart of production line 
• Flow chart of production 
• Addressesof Machinery & Equipments Suppliers: 
• Computer Control Glove Making Machine 
• Non-Woven Glove Sewing Machine 
• Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers 

Chapter 7

Disposable Masks

• Introduction
• Technical aspects 
• Manufacturing of Surgical masks 
• The formal production process of medical masks 
• Be secured with ties or ear loops 
• Uses & Applications 
• Cover the nose and below the chin 
• Fit snuggly but comfortably against the side of the face 
• Include multiple layers of fabric 
• Allow for breathing without restriction 
• N95 respirators 
• Properties
• Surgical mask 
• Manufacturing Process of Disposable Surgical Masks
• The formal production process of medical masks 
• Combine three layers of non-woven fabric 
• Stitch the metal wire fixed by the nose clip into the laminated three-layer nonwoven fabric 
• Folding mask
• Disinfection 
• Equipment required for medical masks 
• Sterilization 
• Biocontainment 
• Sterilizing Masks with Vapor 
• Microwave Generated Steam (MGS) 
• MGS Disinfection Setup 
• Warm Moist Heat (WMH) 
• UVGI 
• WMH Disinfection Setup
• General Implementation
• Mask Making Machines
• Mask Making Machine 
• Flow Diagram for Disposable Surgical Mask 
• Fully automatic N 95 Face Maskmaking Machine 
• Surgical Mask Sewing Machine
• Mask Blank Machine 
• Addresses of Machinery & Equipment Suppliers 
• Address of Raw Material Suppliers: 

Chapter 8

Disposable Surgical Catheters

• Introduction
• Properties and materials
• Uses 
• Common Features of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) 
• Manufacturing Process of Catheters
• A Foley catheter
• Raw Materials
• Design 
• Quality Control 
• Byproducts/Waste 
• Example of indwelling catheters 
• Process Flow Diagram of Catheter 
• Process flow of manufacturing catheters
• Catheter Production Equipments 
• Hole Punching, Drilling and Cutting Services 
• Catheter Lamination 
• Identification & Surface Attribute Services 
• Catheter tip-forming methods 
• Plant & Machinery Supplie 

Chapter 9

Disposable Surgical Wear (Surgical Gowns, Bed Sheets, Pillow Cover, Caps)

• Introduction 
• Bed sheet 
• Pillow cover 
• General Construction for Disposable Gowns 
• Front and back of a surgical gown 
• Sizing Analysis of Disposable Gowns 
• Standards for Gowns 
• U.S. Standard of Gowns 
• EU Standard of Gowns 
• Products: Description 
• Raw Material of Medical Supplies 
• Classification of Nonwoven Fabrics-According To the Production Process
• Heat Sealing Non-woven 
• Pulp Airlaid Non-woven 
• Wet Non-woven Fabric 
• Spunbond Non-woven 
• Meltblown Non-woven 
• Needle Punched Nonwoven 
• Stitching Non-woven 
• Hydrophilic Non-woven 
• CPE Shoe Covers 
• Face Masks 
• Non Woven Face Mask 
• Advantages 
• Disadvantages 
• Dust Mask 
• Description of Surgeon Gowns 
• Description of Patient Gown 
• Description of Surgeon Suits
• Raw Material 
• Protective Materials 
• Spun Bond Polypropylene 
• Steps in spun bonding process 
• SMMS 
• DuPont T Isolation Wear T Medical Fabrics 
• Coated Polypropylene 
• Breathable Laminate 
• Characteristics 
• Laminate for dental drapes 
• Manufacturing Process 
• Manufacturing Process Flow Chart 
• Machinery Images & Details 
• Surgical Gown Sewing Machine 
• Machine Functions 
• Machine Characteristics 
• Machine Advantage 
• Machine Parts Name 
• Non-Woven Gown making Machine 
• Disposable Surgical Cap Making Machine 
• Surgical Disposable Products 
• Surgical Gowns Disposable Apron 
• Plant & Machinery Suppliers 

Chapter 10

Disposable Plastic Syringes 

• Introduction 
• Uses 
• Necessity of Disposable Syringes 
• Parts of a Disposable Syringe 
• Disposable syringe and needle (parts labelled) 
• Raw Material Used for Manufacturing Disposable Syringes 
• Sterility
• Packing 
• Primary packaging 
• Labelling on the primary packaging 
• Secondary packaging 
• Process of Manufacture 
• Quality Control 
• Machinery Images 
• Full Automatic Disposable Medical Plastic Syringe Plunger Barrel and Needle Making Injection Molding Machine 
• Syringe Plunger Moulds 
• Disposable Syringe Packaging Machine 
• Storage of Sterilized Articles 
• Test for Detection of Aerobic and Anaerobic Organism Media 
• Medium for Anaerobic Organism 
• Nonselective media used in anaerobic bacteriology 
• Selective and differential media used in anaerobic bacteriology 
• Addresses of Machinery and Equipment Suppliers 
• Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers 

Chapter 11

Intra-venous (I.V.) Cannula

• Introduction 
• Types of IV Cannulas and Their Uses 
• Uses and Application 
• Nasal cannula 
• Application of Cannula 
• Veterinary Usage of the Cannula 
• Aesthetic medicine and anti-ageing 
• Body piercing 
• Non-medical use 
• Nasal Cannula (Oral nasal cannula) 
• Butterfly Needle 
• Application of Butterfly Needle 
• Butterfly Needle and cannula 
• Venipuncture 
• IV hydration 
• Medication 
• Raw Material 
• Polymers Used in Plastic Moulding 
• Nylon Applications, Grades, and Brands 
• Polycarbonate (PC) 
• Polyethyelene (PE) 
• Polyamides and PA Properties 
• Polyethylene Properties 
• LDPE Properties 
• Polypropylene 
• Properties of Polypropylene 
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Properties 
• Properties of PVC 
• Medical Grade Plastic 
• Manufacturing Process of IV Cannula 
• IV Cannula manufacturer & about the product 
• IV Cannula process 
• Theory of the in-line screw type injection molding machine 
• Manufacturing Process of IV Cannula 
• Plastic Moulding 
• Plastic Moulding Techniques 
• The Plastic Molding Processes 
• Injection Molding 
• Blow Molding 
• Compression Molding 
• Film Insert Molding 
• Gas Assist Molding 
• Rotational Molding 
• Preparing the Mould 
• Heating and Fusion 
• Cooling the Mould 
• Unloading/Demoulding 
• Structural Foam Molding 
• Thermoforming 
• Plastic Injection Moulding 
• Preparing the Mould 
• Injection of Polymer Melt Into the Mould 
• Cooling the Mould 
• Unloading/Demoulding 
• The Blow Moulding Process 
• Injection Blow Moulding 
• Extrusion Blow Moulding 
• Stretch Blow Moulding 
• The Compression Moulding Process 
• Plastic Extrusions 
• Manufacturing Process Assembly Line 
• Needle 
• Needle Hub
• Needle cover 
• Catheter 
• Wings (DS101 & DS105) 
• Injection Port (DS101 only) 
• Catheter Material as per USP standards Class VI 
• USP Class VI and Biocompatible Rubber 
• Process Description of the Assembly Line 
• Importance of Assemble Line 
• Semi Automatic Body Assembly/Wing Assembly Machine 
• Product Description 
• Semi Automatic Tip Forming Machine 
• Automatic Silicon Tube Cutting Machine 
• Automatic Luer Lock & Flash Back Chamber Assembly Machine 
• Automatic Needle Assembly Machine 
• Automatic Catheter Cutting Machine 
• Automatic Blister Packing Machine 
• Cannula Assembly Machine 
• Body Assembly Machine 

Chapter 12

Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set

• Introduction 
• Features of Blood Transfusion Set 
• Before the procedure 
• During the procedure 
• After the procedure 
• Blood Transfusion Process Protocol 
• Blood Transfusion Steps 
• Initiating the Blood Transfusion
• During the Transfusion 
• After the Transfusion 
• Blood Transfusion Recovery 
• Product Description 
• Blood Administration Set 
• Disposable Infusion Set 
• Disposable Blood Giving Set 
• Disposable Blood Giving Set 
• Micro Flo Air Micro Drip Set 
• Micro Flo Eco Micro Drip Set 
• Micro Flo Air Micro Drip Set 
• Blood Transfusion Set-Sus (Double Chamber) 
• Blood Transfusion Set Haemodrip (Double Chamber) 
• Blood Transfusion Set Haemodrip (Double Chamber) 
• Blood Transfusion Set-Easy (Single Chamber) 
• Blood Donor Set 
• Blood Transfusion Set-Easy (Single Chamber) 
• Infusion & Transfusion 
• Scalp Vein Set 
• Scalp Vein Set 
• Blood Donor Set 
• Measured Volume Set (Paedia Drip) 
• I.V. Cannula (With wing & wing Injection port) & (Without wing & without Injection Port) 
• Measured Volume Set (Paedia Drip) 
• A.V. fistula needle 
• Peritoneal Dialysis Transfusion Set 
• A.V. fistula needle 
• Manufacturing Process 
• Plastic Injection Moulding 
• Preparing the Mold 
• Injection of Polymer Melt into the Mould 
• Cooling the Mould 
• Unloading /Demoulding 
• Blow Moulding 
• Common Uses for Blow Moulding 
• Injection Moulding 
• Common Uses for Injection Moulding 
• Extrusion Blow Moulding 
• Steps of EBM process 
• Stretch Blow Moulding 
• The Compression Moulding Process 
• Compression Moulding Basics 
• Advantages of Compression
• Moulding 
• Plastic Extrusions 
• Assembly Processes 
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Description of Machinery 
• Tubing Cutter 
• Pneumatic Angled Tube Cutter 
• Tubing Cutter – Pneumatic Operated 
• Molded Tubing – Cutting Machine 
• Vibratory Bowl Feeders for Hose Assembly Machine 

Chapter 13

Surgical Cotton and Bandages

• Introduction 
• Properties 
• Surgical Bandage
• Surgical Cotton 
• Different types of bandage 
• Crepe bandages 
• Conforming bandages 
• Cohesive bandages 
• Open wove bandages 
• Plaster of paris 
• Uses 
• Raw material requirements 
• Surgical cotton Manufacturing Process 
• Flow Sheet for the Manufacture of Surgical Cotton 
• Process of Manufacture of Surgical Cotton 
• Process of Manufacture for Bandage 

Chapter 14

Plant Economics of Active Pharma Ingredients (API) [Azithromycin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Pregablin, Naproxen, Ketoprofen] 

• Introduction 
• Alpha-lipoic acid 
• Azithromycin 
• Ketoprofen 
• Pregabalin 
• Chemistry and Manufacturers of API 
• Chemistry 
• Manufacturers  
• Carbidopa API 
• Diltiazem 
• Azithromycin API 
• Active Pharma Ingredients 
• Manufacturing Process of Azithromycin 
• Chemical Reaction 
• Manufacturing process of pregabalin 
• Manufacturing process of naproxen 
• Manufacturing process of alpha lipoic acid 
• Manufacturing process of ketoprofen 
• Other process of api manufacture 
• Manufacturing Process of m-Bromo Anisole 
• Reaction 
• Manufacturing process of ethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (batch 135 kg)
• Manufacturing process of Cinnamylaldehyde (batch 560 kg)
• Manufacturing process of mphenoxy benzyl alcohol (batch 175 kg) 
• Manufacturing of benzyl alcohol batch-187 kgs 
• Manufacturing process of alprazolam 
• Manufacturing process of methylphenidate 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Raw Materials 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 15

Plant Economics of Disposable Blood Bags  

• Introduction
• Types of Blood Bags 
• Pproperties of raw materials 
• P.V.C. (Poly Vinyl Chloride) 
• Polycarbonate 
• Polypropylene 
• Anticoagulants for Blood 
• Raw Material 
• Location 
• Major steps for blood bags manufacturing system
• Sequences in blood bags manufacture 
• Manufacturing process of blood bags 
• Drying & Aluminium foils Packaging 
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 16

Plant Economics of Disposable Plastic Syringe 

• Introduction 
• Parts of Syringes
• Syringes and Needles 
• Needles 
• Types of syringes 
• Types of hypodermic needles 
• Bevel 
• Gauge 
• Common Gauges 
• Disposal or Reusable 
• Raw material & machinery used 
• Raw Material Used 
• Machinery & Equipments 
• Process Flow Chart 
• Manufacturing process 
• List of raw material 
• Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Raw Materials 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 17

Plant Economics of Isopropyl Alcohol (Medical Alcohol) 

• Introduction 
• Production of isopropanol 
• Production of Isopropyl Alcohol 
• Indirect Hydration of Propylene 
• Direct Hydration of Propylene 
• Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone 
• The versalis/lummus technology of isopropanol 
• Manufacturing process of isopropyl alcohol from acetone 
• Reaction 
• Cap: 50,000 Ton/Annum 
• Different processes for isopropyl alcohol manufacturing
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Indirect hydration 
• Direct hydration 
• Hydrogenation of acetone 
• Catalytic Distillation 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 18

Plant Economics of IV Fluid Solutions Manufacturing Plant Limited to 0.9% Normal Saline, Sterile Water and Dextrose Solutions

• Introduction 
• Types of IV Fluid 
• Commonly used IV Fluids 
• Normal Saline 
• Half Normal Saline 
• Lactated Ringers 
• Dextrose
• Dextrose in Lactated Ringers 
• How Intravenous Fluids are created 
• Manufacturing Process of I.V. Fluid (FFS Technology)
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Form Fill Seal Technology 
• Form-Fill-Seal Technology  
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 19

Plant Economics of PP Non-Woven 3 Ply Mask, Surgeon Cap and Shoe Cover 

• Introduction 
• Surgical Mask 
• Raw materials of flat mask
• Non Woven Cap 
• Disposable shoe cover 
• Types of PPE 
• Classification of mask 
• Benefits 
• Wearing Face Mask 
• Benefits of homemade face masks 
• Surgical masks 
• N95 respirators 
• Wearing Surgical Cap 
• Wearing Shoe Covers 
• Manufacturing process of non woven disposables 
• Surgical Aprons 
• Non woven spun 
• Non Woven Spun Waterproof 
• Adhesive 
• Sterlization 
• Infective cases 
• Face Mask 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Raw Materials 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 20

Plant Economics of Sterilization & Packaging Unit of Latex Gloves 

• Introduction 
• Sterilization 
• Hand Protection- one of PPEs
• Choice of gloves 
• Testing and Quality Control of Gloves 
• ISO 
• Dipped Latex Products 
• Wet-Coacervant Dipping 
• Dry-Coacervant Dipping (Coagulant Dipping ) 
• Heat Sensitized Dipping 
• Electro Deposition 
• Formers 
• Dipping Tanks 
• Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Process 
• Simple But Effective 
• A Simple EO Process in Detail 
• Environmental Preconditioning 
• Items for consideration 
• Initial Evacuation 
• Items for consideration 
• Humidification 
• Items for consideration 
• Gas Injections and Gas Dwell 
• Items for consideration 
• Postexposure Gas Purge and Air Inbleed 
• Items for consideration 
• Heated Aeration 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Raw Materials 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 21

Plant Economics of Surgical & NBR Gloves Manufacturing Unit 

• Introduction 
• Hand Protection – one of PPE’S 
• Choice of gloves 
• Types of gloves 
• Medical Gloves 
• Testing and quality control of gloves 
• In-process testing 
• Glove production & manufacturing 
• Batch dipping process 
• Continuous dipping process 
• Latex dipping 
• Latex concentrate
• Compounding 
• Coagulant dipping 
• Latex dipping 
• Beading 
• Leaching 
• Vulcanization 
• Post leaching 
• Slurry Dip 
• Stripping 
• Tumbling 
• Glove packing 
• Glove sterilization 
• Finished gloves 
• Brief about vulcanization & accelerators 
• Accelerators 
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Formation 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Raw Materials 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 22

Plant Economics of Surgical and Non-woven Disposable Products like Syringes, Buffant Caps, Face Mask, Caps, Surgical Gown, Drape, Apron, Shoe Cover etc. 

• Introduction 
• Surgical Aprons 
• Non-Woven Products 
• Surgical Products 
• Future of Non Wovens in Medical Market 
• Manufacturing process of disposable plastic syringe 
• Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 
• Manufacturing process of non woven disposables 
• Surgical Aprons 
• Drapes 
• Plain Drapes 
• Fixable Drapes 
• Materials used 
• Poly Materieal 
• Non woven spun 
• Non Woven Spun Waterproof 
• Adhesive 
• Sterlization 
• Infective cases 
• Manufacturing process of surgical gown 
• Manufacturing process of face mask 
• Manufacturing process of shoe cover 
• Manufacturing process of stretchable and permeable surgical gloves 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 23

Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Adhesive Bandage 

• Introduction 
• Process of manufacture of surgical cotton 
• Mechanical cleaning of raw cotton 
• Boiling 
• Bleaching 
• Hydroextraction 
• Drying 
• Carding 
• Sterlization 
• Packing 
• Adhesive bandage manufacturing and testing 
• Test of materials 
• Test procedure for adhesive bandage performance 
• Process flow diagram of adhesive bandage 
• Manufacturing process of cotton balls 
• Manufacturing process of surgical bandages 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 24

Plant Economics of Syringe and Catheter  

• Introduction 
• Catheter Length, Sizes & Types 
• Catheter Length 
• Catheter Size 
• Balloon Size 
• Types 
• Types of Hypodermic Needles 
• Bevel 
• Gauge 
• Common Gauges 
• Disposal or Reusable 
• Brief discription of catheter 
• Dialysis catheter 
• Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) 
• Tunneled catheter 
• Urology Catheter 
• Central Venous Catheter 
• Process flow chart for disposable syringe 
• Manufacturing process of disposable syringe 
• Manufacturing Process and Source of Technology 
• Manufacturing process of catheter 
• Process Flow Diagram 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 25

Plant Economics of Vacuum Blood Collection Tube 

• Introduction 
• Manufacturing Steps/Process Flow 
• Component Cleaning 
• Dosing Process 
• Blood Collection tube Assembly 
• Sterilization 
• Process Flow Chart 
• Quality Control 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum 

Chapter 26

Plant Economics of Vinyl Gloves 

• Introduction 
• Product features 
• Formulation 
• Manufacturing Process Steps/Production Line/Process Flow 
• Production Line 
• Plant Economics 
• Land & Building 
• Plant & Machinery 
• Process Flow 
• Fixed Capital 
• Working Capital Requirement/Month 
• Total Capital Investment 
• Turn Over/Annum