Complete Handbook of Industrial and Agricultural Waste Recycling (Metal, Plastic, Organic, Bio- medical, Rice Bran Oil, E-Waste & Emerging Recycling Technologies)

This book contains chapters on: Part 1: Foundations of

Waste Management - Beginning, Effective Waste Management

Planning Details, Part 2: Metal & Electronic Waste Recycling

- Automated Vehicle Scrapping Plant, Recycling Plant of Metal,

Copper Scrap Recycling, Lead Acid Battery Recycling Unit, EWaste

Recycling, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Unit, Aluminium

Recycling Plant, Part 3: Agricultural & Organic Waste Utilization

- Bio Coal Briquettes from Agricultural Waste, Organic Fertilizer

Manufacturing from Cow Dung, Particle Board from Rice Husk,

Rice Bran Oil Extraction Process, Pathogen Reductions during

Waste Treatment, Part 4: Plastic & PET Waste Recycling -

Flexible and Rigid Plastic Recycling , Plastic Granules from Plastic

Waste, Recycling of PET Bottles, Polyester Staple Fiber from

PET Waste, PET Bottles from PET Preform, PET Flakes from

PET Bottles, Texturised Yarn from Waste PET Bottles, FSSAI’s

Guidelines for Recycled PET in Food Contact Materials, Financial

Support for Establishing Recycling Plants, Part 5: Other

Specialized Recycling Processes - Caffeine Extraction from Tea

Waste, Disposable Tableware from Sugarcane and Wheat

Bagasse, Lubricating and Waste Oils Recycling, Waste Tyre

Pyrolysis, Biomass Charcoal Unit, Activated Carbon from Coconut

Shell Unit, Part 6: Compliance, Standards, and Resources -

Biomedical Waste Management Unit, BIS Standards, Photographs

of Plant and Machinery with Suppliers Contact Details, Part 7:

Innovation, Sustainability and Future Trends in Waste

Management - Carbon Credit Opportunities in Waste Management,

Green Hydrogen Production from Waste Streams and AI and IoT

in Waste Processing Automation.

The book has been written for the benefit and to prove an

asset and a handy reference guide in the hands of new

entrepreneurs and well established industrialists. 

PART 1: FOUNDATIONS OF

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1

Beginning ....................... 3-7

Fundamentals of waste

management .................... 3

Waste hierarchy ....................... 3

Product life-cycle ..................... 4

Resource efficiency ................. 4

Beginning ................................ 5

Ancient Times ......................... 5

Middle Ages ............................. 5

Industrial Revolution ............... 6

20th Century ............................ 6

21st Century ............................ 7

Chapter 2

Effective Waste Management

Planning

Details ...................... 8-15

Steps for Effective Waste

Management Planning .... 9

Identify the Waste Your Facility

Creates ............................. 9

Contents-cum-Index

Identify Waste Streams ......... 10

Establish a Waste

Management Team ........ 11

Assess Current Waste

Disposal Methods .......... 11

Select Waste Management

Partners .......................... 13

Set Targets for Waste

Reduction ....................... 14

Create a Waste Management

Action Plan ..................... 14

Train Employees on New

Procedures ..................... 15

Track Your Progress and

Monitor for Adjustments . 15

PART 2: METAL &

ELECTRONIC

WASTE RECYCLING

Chapter 3

Automated Vehicle Scrapping

Plant .............. 19-28

Challenges ............................ 20

Opportunities ......................... 20

Tata Motors opens auto

dismantling facility ......... 21

Maruti Suzuki and Toyota

Tsusho Group’s Vehicle

Scrapping and Recycling

unit commences

operations ...................... 22

Scope of recycling in India ... 23

Setting up, Authorization, and

Operation of Authorized

Vehicle Scrapping Facility

(AVSF) ............................. 23

Eligibility For Vehicle Scrapping

and Recycling Facility

Certificate ....................... 25

The Entity ............................... 25

Criteria for Scrapping of Vehicle

25

Process for Vehicle Scrapping

and Recycling Facility .... 26

Certificate of Vehicle

Scrapping ....................... 26

Validity and Renewal of Vehicle

Scrapping and Recycling

Facility ............................. 27

Applicable Rules /Acts .......... 27

Chapter 4

Recycling Plant of

Metal ...................... 29-34

Key Metal Recycling Plants and

Companies in India: ...... 29

Benefits of Setting up a Metal

Recycling Plant .............. 33

Chapter 5

Copper Scrap

Recycling ............... 35-43

Copper is 100% Recyclable . 35

Recycling Reduces CO2

Emissions and Energy

Use ................................. 36

Understanding grades of

copper scrap .................. 36

#2 Copper ............................. 36

#1 Copper ............................. 37

Bare Bright Copper ............... 37

#2 Insulated Wire .................. 37

#1 Insulated Wire .................. 38

The Upward Casting Method 38

Continuous Casting and

Rolling (CCR) Method ... 39

Comparison and

Applications .................... 39

Beijing Holland Copper

Recycling Solutions ....... 39

Transforming copper scrap into

premium products ......... 40

Great demand for high-quality

copper recycling ............. 40

Environmental

Considerations .............. 41

The Copper Recycling

Process .......................... 42

Sorting: The Gateway to

Copper Recycling .......... 42

Shredding: Breaking Down the

Barrier ............................. 42

Melting: From Solid to Liquid

Gold ................................ 43

Purification: Refining

Excellence ...................... 43

Chapter 6

Lead Acid Battery

Recycling Unit ....... 44-54

Importance of Recycling Lead-

Acid Batteries ................. 44

The Recycling Process ......... 45

Step 1: Collection .................. 45

Step 2: Breaking and

Separation ...................... 45

Step 3: Lead Melting and

Refining .......................... 46

Step 4: Plastic Recycling ..... 46

Step 5: Electrolyte Treatment 46

Step 6: Pollution Control and

Compliance .................... 46

Step 7: Sustainable Reuse .. 46

Challenges in Lead-Acid

Battery Recycling ............ 46

Best Practices for Safe and

Efficient Recycling .......... 47

Lead Acid Battery Recycling

Plant Setup ..................... 48

Benefits of Lead Acid Battery

Recycling Plant Setup .... 48

Environmental Benefits ......... 48

Commercial Benefits ............ 49

Social Benefits ...................... 49

Requirement for Lead Acid

Battery Recycling Plant .. 49

Documents for Lead Acid

Battery Recycling Plant

Setup .............................. 50

Personal Documents ............ 50

Company Related

Documents ..................... 50

Other Permissions ................ 51

Process for Lead Acid Battery

Recycling Plant Setup in

India ................................ 51

Documentation Process of

Lead Acid Battery Recycling

Plant ............................... 52

Recycling Process of Lead Acid

Battery ............................. 52

Lead Acid Battery Recycling

Plant Cost and Fees ..... 54

Chapter 7

E-Waste Recycling ...... 55-67

Exposure to e-waste ............. 58

Children are the most

vulnerable ....................... 58

Aspects of E-Waste

Recycling ........................ 60

Prevention and management60

e waste management and

recycling technologies ... 61

Key Processes ...................... 62

International agreements ..... 62

WHO response ..................... 63

Technological Advancements in

E-Waste Management ... 63

The Traditional Methods of

Copper, Silver, Gold, and

Palladium extraction from

E-Waste .......................... 66

Cyanide Usage ..................... 66

Use of Acid ........................... 66

Extraction Through the

Bioleaching .................... 66

Procedure for the Extraction of

Metals (gold, silver, copper,

platinum) from

the E-waste .................... 67

Chapter 8

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

Unit ................ 68-78

Solar Panel Recycling Plant . 68

Recycling Technology ........... 69

System Structure ................... 70

Core Advantages ................... 70

Technical Parameter ............. 71

Lithium-ion Batteries Recycling

Plant Setup ..................... 71

Lithium-Ion Battery: An

introduction ..................... 71

Overview of Lithium Ion Battery

Recycling Plant .............. 72

Types of Batteries ................. 72

Benefits of a Lithium-Ion

Battery Recycling Plant .. 72

Methods of Recycling ............ 73

Responsibilities of a Recycler

in Li-Ion Battery

Recycling ........................ 73

Requirements for a Li-Ion

Battery Recycling Plant .. 74

Machines Used in Lithium-Ion

Battery Recycling Plant .. 75

Documents Required for a

Lithium Battery Recycling

Plant ............................... 76

Process for Setting Up a

Lithium-Ion Battery

Recycling Plant in India . 76

Cost of the Lithium Battery

Recycling Plant .............. 77

Lithium Battery Recycling

Process .......................... 78

Chapter 9

Aluminium Recycling

Plant ....................... 79-86

Indian Market Potential for

Aluminium Recycling ..... 79

Aluminium Recycling

Process .......................... 81

Advantages of Recycling

Aluminium ...................... 82

Aluminium Recycling Plant

Setup .............................. 82

Eligibility Criteria for Setting up

a Aluminium Recycling

Plant ............................... 83

Documents or Licenses

Required for Setting up a

Aluminium Recycling

Plant ............................... 84

Procedure for Setting up a

Aluminium Recycling Plant

in India ............................ 84

Cost of Setting Up a Aluminium

Recycling Plant .............. 85

Opportunities in India’s

Aluminium Recycling

Sector ............................. 86

PART 3: AGRICULTURAL &

ORGANIC WASTE

UTILIZATION

Chapter 10

Bio Coal Briquettes from

Agricultural Waste 89-95

Materials Used in the

Production of Bio-Coal

Briquettes ....................... 90

Process of Bio-Coal Briquette

Production ...................... 91

Bio Coal Briquetting Press

Process .......................... 91

How Briquette Machines Are

Used to Produce Bio-Coal

Briquettes ....................... 92

Advantages of Bio Coal

Briquettes ....................... 94

Bio Coal Briquettes Uses .... 94

Benefits of Briquettes ........... 95

Chapter 11

Organic Fertilizer

Manufacturing from

Cow Dung ............ 96-111

Contents of the invention ...... 96

Preprocessing ....................... 97

Detailed description ............101

Cow Dung Fermentation

Process ........................106

Acquisition and preparation of

raw organic matter .......107

Fermentation of organic

matter ...........................107

Temperature control ............108

Crushing, screening and

mixing ...........................108

Organic waste to cow dung

poultry fertilizer

granulation ...................108

Organic-inorganic fertilizer

drying and cooling .......109

Coating technology applied to

organic cow dung

fertilizer .........................109

Organic cow dung fertilizer

screening and grading/

classification ................ 110

Commonly used raw

materials for making

organic fertilizer ............ 111

Chapter 12

Particle Board from Rice

Husk .....................112-115

Market Potential ................... 113

Particle Board

Manufacturing ............... 113

Raw Material Requirement . 113

Manufacturing Process ....... 113

Flow Chart of Manufacturing

Process ........................ 114

List of Required Machinery and

Equipment .................... 114

Chapter 13

Rice Bran Oil Extraction

Process ............... 116-127

The Market Potential for rice

bran oil ......................... 116

Rice Bran Oil Extraction

Process ........................ 117

Raw Material Preparation ... 118

Oil Extraction ....................... 118

Rice Bran Oil Refining ........ 118

Steam Distillation ................ 118

The rice bran oil solvent

extraction process ........ 118

Mechanical extraction vs

solvent extraction ......... 118

Rice bran preparation ......... 119

Next comes palletization or

pelletizing. ....................120

Rice bran oil extraction .......120

Refining crude rice bran oil 121

Emerging non-conventional

techniques in rice bran oil

extraction ......................122

Supercritical CO2 extraction 123

Subcritical CO2 fluid

extraction ......................123

Subcritical water extraction .123

Ultrasound-assisted

extraction ......................124

Microwave-assisted

extraction ......................124

Producing rice bran oil within a

sustainable circular

economy .......................124

Sustainable sourcing ..........125

Energy-saving technology ...125

Safer solvents .....................125

Downstream value addition 125

Chapter 14

Pathogen Reductions

during Waste

Treatment ........... 128-148

Main Pathogen Reduction

Methods and

Mechanisms.................128

Main Aspects and Benefits of

Anaerobic Digestion ....129

Thermal Treatment &

Hydrolysis .....................129

Biological processes ..........130

Membrane Bioreactors

(MBRs) ..........................131

Advantages ..........................132

Types of membranes ..........133

Advanced Oxidation Processes

(AOPs) ..........................133

Agricultural Applications &

Mechanisms.................134

Algal-Based Systems .........134

Components and

Applications ..................135

Cultivation Systems and Future

Prospects .....................135

Benefits of Algae in

Agriculture: ....................136

Physical Removal

Mechanism ...................136

Sedimentation .....................136

Filtration ...............................137

Chemical Removal

Mechanism ...................138

Adsorption ...........................138

UV Radiation by Sunlight ....140

Biological Removal

Mechanism ...................141

Natural Die-Off ....................141

Predation .............................142

Factors Affecting the Removal

of Bacterial and Viral

Pathogens in OWTSs ..142

Disinfection Treatment Unit 143

Effect of Filter Materials ......143

Media Grain Size .................143

Effect of Environmental

Conditions ....................145

Seasonal Changes .............145

pH ........................................146

Water Composition .............147

Sunlight Intensity .................147

Pathogen Species and

Morphologies ...............148

PART 4: PLASTIC & PET

WASTE RECYCLING

Chapter 15

Flexible and Rigid Plastic

Recycling ........... 151-160

Differences between Rigid

and Flexible Plastics

Recycling ......................151

Classification of Plastics ....151

Types of Rigid Plastics .......151

Types of Flexible Plastics ...152

Recycling Processes ..........152

Methods for Recycling Rigid

Plastics .........................153

Collection and Sorting ........153

Cleaning and Crushing ......153

Foundry & Extrusion ............153

Processes for Recycling

Flexible Plastics ...........153

Gathering and Challenges .153

Cleaning and Recovery ......153

Infrastructure Limitations ....153

Plastics Recycling

Challenges ...................154

Obstacles in Rigid

Recycling ......................154

Pollution and Waste ...........154

Inefficiencies in Harvesting 154

Challenges when Recycling

Flexible Plastics ...........154

Lack of Dedicated

Infrastructure ................155

Low Public Awareness .......155

Environmental Impact of

Plastic ...........................155

Consequences of Rigid

Plastics .........................155

Durability and Degradation .155

Energy Savings by

Recycling ......................155

Effects of Flexible Plastics ..156

Decomposition Problems ..156

Visual and Environmental

Pollution .......................156

Alternatives to improve

recycling .......................156

Promotion of the Circular

Economy.......................156

Innovations in Materials and

Techniques ...................156

Education and Public

Awareness ...................157

Types of Plastic Shredders 157

Single Shaft Plastic

Shredders ....................157

Dual/Twin Shaft Plastic

Shredders ....................158

Plastic Granulators/

Crushers ......................158

Plastic Washing Lines : Rigid

vs Film Systems ..........159

Types of Plastic Washing

Lines .............................159

Rigid Washing Line ............159

Organic Waste Composting

Machine ........................159

Semi Automatic Organic Waste

Composting Machine ..160

Chapter 16

Plastic Granules from

Plastic Waste ..... 161-171

Plastic Granules Manufacturing

Plant .............................161

Key Components of a Plastic

Granules Manufacturing

Plant .............................162

Plastic Types Processed in the

Plant .............................163

Process Flow of a Plastic

Granules Manufacturing

Plant .............................163

Investment and Setup

Considerations ............163

Benefits of a Plastic Granules

Manufacturing Plant .....164

Industries that Use Plastic

Granules .......................164

Steps in the Manufacturing

Process ........................164

Quality Control in Plastic Granules

Manufacturing ......165

Granules Manufacturing

Process ........................165

Recycling Process ..............166

Challenges in Plastic Granules

Manufacturing ...............167

Licenses and Documents

Needed for Plastic

Granules Business .....167

Required Licenses and

Documents Needed for

Plastic Granules

Business ......................167

Business Registration

Certificate .....................168

Factory license ....................168

Fire NOC .............................169

Registration as a Plastic Waste

Processor (PWP) .........170

Consent NOC ......................170

Agglomeration Pelletizing

Line ...............................171

Chapter 17

Recycling of PET

Bottles ................ 172-182

PET Recycling .....................172

Uses of recycled PET .........172

Process of recycling of PET

plastic ...........................173

Collecting the PET plastic

bottles ...........................173

Separating the PET bottles 173

Compacting the PET

bottles ...........................174

Recycling of the PET

bottles ...........................174

Transforming recycled PET

plastic bottles into

pellets ...........................175

Washing and decontamination

............................175

Reforming and reusing the

PET bottles ...................176

PET Bottle business ...........176

Benefits of Plastic Waste

Recycling Plant ............177

Requirements for Opening a

Plastic Waste Recycling

Plant .............................177

Land Requirement ..............177

Requirement of Utilities ......178

Technician and Labors .......178

Types of Plastic Recycling

Machines ......................178

Documents Required for

Setting up a Plastic

Recycling Business .....179

How to Apply for Plastic Waste

Recycling Plant

License? .......................179

Renewal and Validity of Plastic

Waste Recycling Plant .180

Chapter 18

Polyester Staple Fiber from

PET Waste.......... 183-194

Polyester Staple Fiber .........183

Key Components of a Polyester

Staple Fiber Production

Line ...............................184

Raw Material Preparation ...184

Polymerization .....................184

Extrusion and Spinning .......185

Drawing and Crimping .......185

Cutting (Staple Formation) ..185

Finishing and Packing ........185

The Polyester Staple Fiber

Production Process .....185

Step 1: Raw Material Selection

and Processing ...........185

Step 2: Extrusion and Fiber

Formation .....................186

Step 3: Crimping and

Cutting ..........................186

Step 4: Fiber Finishing ........186

Polyester Staple Fiber

Manufacturing Process 186

Types of Polyester Staple

Fiber .............................187

Applications of Polyester Staple

Fiber .............................188

Setting Up a Polyester Staple

Fiber Production Line ..188

Specifications of Recycled

Polyester Staple Fiber

(PSF): ............................189

Application of Polyester Staple

Fiber (PSF) ...................190

Polyester Staple Fiber from

PET Waste Plant Setup190

Steps to Setup Polyester Staple

Fiber from PET Waste

Plant .............................190

Step 1: Conduct Market

Research ......................190

Step 2: Draw up a Business

Plan with Every Detail ..190

Step 3: Raise Finance ........191

Step 4: Choose a Suitable

Location ........................191

Step 5: Obtain All Required

Licenses and Permits .192

Step 6: Sourcing High-Quality

Machinery .....................192

Step 7: Set Up the Plant .....192

Step 8: Establish a Collective

System ..........................193

Step 9: Recycle Processes 193

Step 10: Quality Control ......193

Step 11: Marketing and

Sales ............................194

Step 12: Keep an Eye on and

Enhance .......................194

Chapter 19

PET Bottles from PET

Preform .............. 195-203

Introduction: PET Bottles ....195

PET preforms ......................195

Process Details ..................196

Manufacturing Stages .........196

One-Step Process ...............196

Two-Step Process ...............197

Manufacturing Process Flow

Diagram of PET Bottles

from PET Preform ........198

PET Bottles: Uses, Recycling,

Business and Plant Setup

199

PET Recycling .....................199

Uses of recycled PET .........199

PET Bottle business ...........200

Prerequisites for setting up

PET manufacturing

business ......................201

PET bottle manufacturing:

Registration and licenses

201

PET bottles crushing plant

setup .............................201

Machinery setup and raw

materials ......................202

Chapter 20

PET Flakes from PET

Bottles ................ 204-211

Process of making PET flakes

to PET bottles:- ............204

Hot washed PET Flakes.....205

Cold washed PET Flakes ..206

Unwashed PET Flakes .......206

Overall, the textile and apparel

industry is the most

prominent for purchasing

PET flakes ....................207

The packaging industry helps

support the circular

economy. ....................207

Cosmetics and Personal Care

Packaging ....................207

Automotive Industry:

Engineering Excellence

with Recycled

Materials .....................208

Building and Construction

Materials: Eco-friendly

Infrastructure ................208

Home and Garden Products:

Consumer Uses ..........208

Electronics and Technology

Industry .........................209

Medical and Healthcare

Uses .............................209

Quality Standards and

Certification in PET Flakes

Production ....................209

Quality Control Procedures 209

Color and Grade

Differentiation ...............210

Recycling Process of RPET

Flakes ........................... 211

The Market for RPET

Flakes ........................... 211

Government Regulations .... 211

Chapter 21

Texturised Yarn from Waste

PET Bottles ........ 212-217

Bottle-to-fiber recycling ........213

Recycled polyester yarn

manufacturing process 214

Step-01: Collecting and

Cleaning .......................214

Step-02: Shredding .............214

Step-03: Processing ...........215

Step-04: Melting ...................215

Step-05: Polyester recycled

yarn ...............................215

Advantages of polyester

recycled yarn ................215

Reduction of plastics in

landfills .........................216

Energy Saving .....................216

Is recycled polyester

sustainable? ................216

Applications of Recycled

Polyester Yarn ..............216

Is recycled polyester safe to

wear? ............................217

Best recycled pet yarn

manufacturers ..............217

Chapter 22

FSSAI’s Guidelines for

Recycled PET in

Food Contact

Materials ............ 218-224

Guidelines for Acceptance of

Recycled Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET) as

Food Contact Material

(FCM-rPET) ...................218

Scope of the Guidelines .....219

Definitions for the Guidelines

for Recycled PET as Food

Contact Material ...........219

Benefits of New FSSAI

Guidelines ....................221

Marking and Labelling of FCMrPET

..............................222

Process Requirements for

FCM-rPET .....................222

Conditions for the Authorization

of FCM-rPET .................223

Documentation for FCM-rPET

Authorization .................224

Application Process for

Authorization of

FCM-rPET .....................224

Chapter 23

Financial Support for

Establishing Recycling

Plants ................. 225-230

Understanding the Guidelines

for One-Time Financial

Assistance for the

Establishment of Recycling

Plant and Machinery ....225

Objectives of the

Guidelines ....................226

Details of Plastic Recycling

Facilities .......................226

Oversight Mechanism for

Plastic Recycling Units 227

SPCBs/PCCs

Responsibilities: ..........227

CPCB Responsibilities .......228

Post-Commissioning

Monitoring .....................228

Inspection by Urban Local

Bodies (ULBs) .............228

Financing Structure .............228

Support for Capital

Expenditure: .................228

Cost Sharing .......................229

Disbursement Mechanism .229

Eligibility Criteria of One-Time

Financial Support for

Establishing Recycling

Plants & Machinery ......229

Documents Required for One-

Time Financial Support for

Establishing Recycling

Plants & Machinery ......230

Process of Application,

Evaluation & Approval

Mechanism ...................230

PART 5: OTHER

SPECIALIZED RECYCLING

PROCESSES

Chapter 24

Caffeine Extraction from

Tea Waste .......... 233-238

Properties of Caffeine .........234

Effects of Caffeine ...............234

Advantages of Caffeine .......234

Caffeine Extraction ..............235

Step-by-Step Extraction

Process .......................236

Main Considerations ..........237

Trandermal patch using

extracted caffeine as a

drug ..............................237

Chapter 25

Disposable Tableware from

Sugarcane and Wheat

Bagasse.............. 239-244

The Production Process .....239

Composition and

Properties ....................240

Bagasse-based Tableware - An

Eco-Friendly Alternative 241

Eco-Friendly Alternative .......241

Biodegradable and

Compostable ...............241

Versatile and Durable .........241

Sugarcane Bagasse and

Wheat Straw .................242

Step-by-Step: How to Produce

Eco-Friendly Tableware 242

Key Machinery Required .....243

Where Is It Suitable to Start

This Business? ...........243

Investment Potential ...........244

Chapter 26

Lubricating and Waste Oils

Recycling ........... 245-266

Introduction ..........................245

Analysis of properties .........246

Methods for Waste Oil

Purification: ...................246

Physical method .................246

Chemical method ...............248

Physicochemical method ...249

Recovery of Waste Lubricating

Oil .................................249

Conventional method and

process ........................249

Steps in the Waste Oil

Purification Process .....250

Waste lubricating oil treatment

by extraction and

adsorption ....................251

Purifying Waste Cooking Oil

251

Used Engine Oil

Purification ....................251

Vacuum distillation ..............252

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)

Process ........................252

Treating waste engine oil with

bleaching agents .........253

Acid Treatment ....................253

Bleaching .............................253

Neutralization .......................253

Bleaching using activated

Carbon ..........................254

Sedimentation .....................254

Filtration ...............................254

Acids in Waste Oil

Purification ....................254

Proper Disposal of Used

Cooking Oil ..................255

Waste Oil Purification

Systems .......................256

System 1: Vacuum Hydraulic

Oil Dehumidifier/Waste Oil

Purification Machine .....256

System 2: DTS Multifunctional

Waste Oil Purification &

Regeneration

Equipment ....................256

System 3: Waste Cooking Oil

Recycling Filter

Machine ........................257

System 4: Waste Oil Recycling

Plant .............................257

System 5: Vacuum Dehydration

Oil Purification Systems

(VDOPS) Oil Purifier .....257

Additional Features .............257

System 6: Portable Oil Filtration

System ..........................258

Oil Property Restoration .....258

System 7: Heavy Fuel Waste

Oil Purification Centrifuge

Separator Machine .......258

Automation and Efficiency ..258

Processes for Waste Oil

Purification ....................258

Sedimentation .....................259

Vacuum Treatment ..............259

Adsorption Method ..............260

Membrane Filtration ............260

Acid Treatment ....................260

Solvent Extraction ................260

Clay Treatment ....................261

Reprocessing & Re-Refining of

Used Oil .......................261

Used Oil Treatment: Vacuum

Distillation & Clay

Treatment .....................262

Recycling Waste Oil ............262

Used Lubricant Oil Recycling

Process: .......................263

Benefits of waste Oil

Purification ....................263

Supports Sustainability

Efforts ...........................263

Reduces Carbon

Emissions: ...................263

Eliminates Landfilling

Needs ...........................264

Encourages Innovation: ......264

Cost Savings .......................264

Minimizes Pollution Risks ..264

Challenges in Waste Oil

Purification ....................265

Storage and Transport ........265

Advanced Technologies ......265

Handling Hazardous

Byproducts ....................265

Health Risks .......................266

Awareness Issues ..............266

Chapter 27

Waste Tyre

Pyrolysis ............. 267-273

Aspects of Waste Tyre

Pyrolysis ......................268

Tyre Pyrolysis Process: Step-by-

Step ...............................269

Step 1: Pre-treatment &

Feeding ........................269

Step 2: Thermal Cracking in the

Reactor .........................270

Step 3: Oil Gas

Condensation ..............270

Step 4: Carbon Black

Discharge .....................270

Pyrolysis Process of WTs at

Different Temperatures 270

Effect of Temperature on

Pyrolysis Products .......271

Chapter 28

Biomass Charcoal

Unit ..................... 274-285

Biomass materials for making

charcoal ........................274

Starting a Biomass Briquette

Business ......................276

Step 1: Market Research and

Feasibility Study ...........276

Step 2: Developing a Biomass

Briquettes Business Plan

276

Step 3: Setting Up a Briquettes

Manufacturing Plant .....277

Step 4: Estimating Briquettes

Manufacturing Plant

Cost ..............................277

Step 5: Quality Control and

Compliance ..................278

Step 6: Marketing and

Sales ............................278

Benefits of IID Membership

...............................278

Economic and Environmental

Impact of Biomass

Energy ..........................279

Biomass/Solid waste/Sludge

Carbonization Line .......280

Challenges and Solutions in

India’s Biomass Sector281

Advancements Driving

Biomass Energy

Forward ........................282

Importance of Emission

Standards for Coal

Briquette Industry .........283

Effluent Standards for Briquette

Industry (Coal) ..............283

Technologies to Control

Pollution from Briquette

Industry (Coal) ..............284

Monitoring and Reporting ...285

Chapter 29

Activated Carbon from

Coconut Shell

Unit ..................... 286-291

Product Specification ...........287

The sector wise demand ...287

Manufacturing Process .......288

Process flow sheet for Activated

carbon from Coconut

shells by steam activated

process ........................289

Plant and Machinery ...........289

Types of Coconut Shell

Activated Carbon ..........290

Granular Activated Carbon

(GAC) ............................290

Powdered Activated Carbon

(PAC).............................290

Impregnated and Specialty

Grades ..........................290

Applications of Coconut Shell

Activated Carbon ..........290

Water Treatment .................291

Wastewater Treatment ........291

Air and Gas Purification ......291

Food and Beverage Industry

291

Gold Recovery and Chemical

Processes ....................291

Pharmaceutical and Medical

Uses .............................291

PART 6: COMPLIANCE,

STANDARDS, AND

RESOURCES

Chapter 30

Biomedical Waste Management

Unit ........... 295-307

Introduction ..........................295

The Importance of Proper

Biomedical Waste

Management ................295

Necessity of Biomedical Waste

Management ................296

Classification of Biomedical

Waste ...........................296

Objective of Biomedical

Management ................297

Bio-Medical Waste

Management ................297

Steps involved in Bio-medical

Waste Management.....297

Bio-Medical Waste

Segregation ..................298

Packaging ............................299

Collection .............................300

Labelling ..............................301

Storage of Biomedical

Waste ...........................301

Transport of clinical waste to

treatment/disposal unit

outside the hospital .....302

Central Waste Collection Room

for Bio-medical Waste .302

Central Storage for HCFs

Having Captive Treatment

and Disposal System ..303

Record Keeping ..................304

Treatment of Biomedical

Waste ...........................305

Incineration ..........................305

Autoclaving ..........................306

Chemical treatment ............306

Microwaving .........................306

Irradiation .............................306

Disposal of Biomedical

Waste ...........................307

Chapter 31

BIS Standards ......... 308-310

Key BIS Standards for Waste

Recycling: .....................308

Mandatory BIS Standards for

Waste Bags and

Containers ....................309

Standards for Recyclable

Waste (Red & Blue

Category) ......................309

Requirements for Recycling

Facilities .......................310

Key Prohibitions ..................310

Chapter 32

Photographs of Plant and

Machinery with Suppliers

Contact Details 311-315

Plant and Machinery with

Suppliers .............. 314-315

PART 7: INNOVATION,

SUSTAINABILITY AND

FUTURE TRENDS IN WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Chapter 33

Carbon Credit Opportunities

in Waste Management

................... 319-329

Basics of Carbon Credits /

Carbon Trading ............319

Aspects of Carbon Trading 320

Relevant Methodologies .....321

Methodologies and

Opportunities ................321

Waste Projects that Qualify 323

Eligible Waste Projects ......323

Measuring Emissions

Reductions ...................323

Aspects of Measuring

Emissions Reductions

(MRV) ............................324

Carbon Credit

Opportunities ................324

Requirements for Successful

Credits ..........................324

Registration Processes /

Standards .....................325

Registration Process Steps 325

Carbon Credit Standards ....325

Carbon Credit Opportunities &

Sectors .........................326

Concepts & Requirements .326

Indian Carbon Market (ICM)

Focus ............................326

Case Studies .......................327

The Greater Chennai

Corporation ..................327

Ahmedabad Municipal

Corporation ..................328

Challenges & Risks ...........328

Mitigation Strategies ............329

Chapter 34

Green Hydrogen Production

from Waste

Streams .............. 330-338

What is “green hydrogen” vs

grey / blue / etc. ...........330

Key Differences in Hydrogen

Production ....................330

Black, brown and grey

hydrogen .......................331

Blue hydrogen .....................331

Green hydrogen ..................332

Other colours of hydrogen ..332

Waste-to-Hydrogen

Pathways ......................333

Plasma oxy-gasification of

MSW / agri-waste. (e.g.

NTPC’s demo plant) ....333

Collaboration and Catalyst

Development ................333

Operational Capabilities and

Environmental Impact ..333

Photoreforming of plastics /

biomass to hydrogen ..334

Aspects of Photoreforming .334

Biomass to hydrogen .........334

Pathways for Hydrogen

Production ....................335

Advantages and Environmental

Impact ...........................335

Challenges ..........................335

Non-thermal plasma methods;

gasification + separation

techniques; membrane +

PSA etc. ........................336

Aspects of the Integrated

Technologies: ...............336

Global Hydrogen Regulatory &

Policy Trends (2025-2026)

337

Regional Incentives &

Subsidies .....................338

Chapter 35

AI and IoT in Waste

Processing

Automation ........ 339-348

Introduction ..........................339

Sorting waste with AI ...........340

AI and robotics working

together ........................341

Smart bins and AI ...............341

Smart Waste Management

System: .........................342

IoT-Based Waste Management

Framework ...................343

Smart Bins ..........................343

Automated Sorting Systems343

Real-Time Monitoring and

Analytics .......................344

Fleet Management for Waste

Collection .....................344

Benefits of IoT in Waste

Management ................344

Operational Efficiency .........344

Environmental Impact .........344

Enhanced Recycling Rates 345

Data-Driven Decision Making

345

Case Studies and Data

Analysis ........................345

Recycling Automation Using IoT

346

Smart Sensors for Material

Identification .................346

AI-Powered Sorting

Mechanisms.................346

Automated Recycling Facilities

347

Case Study: Visakhapatnam

city .................................348