Complete Handbook of Industrial and Agricultural Waste Recycling (Metal, Plastic, Organic, Bio- medical, Rice Bran Oil, E-Waste & Emerging Recycling Technologies)

Complete Handbook of Industrial and Agricultural Waste Recycling (Metal, Plastic, Organic, Bio- medical, Rice Bran Oil, E-Waste & Emerging Recycling Technologies)

This book contains chapters on: Part 1: Foundations of Waste Management - Beginning, Effective Waste Management Planning Details, Part 2: Metal & Electronic Waste Recycling - Automated Vehicle Scrapping Plant, Recycling Plant of Metal, Copper Scrap Recycling, Lead Acid Battery Recycling Unit, EWaste Recycling, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Unit, Aluminium Recycling Plant, Part 3: Agricultural & Organic Waste Utilization - Bio Coal Briquettes from Agricultural Waste, Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing from Cow Dung, Particle Board from Rice Husk, Rice Bran Oil Extraction Process, Pathogen Reductions during Waste Treatment, Part 4: Plastic & PET Waste Recycling -Flexible and Rigid Plastic Recycling , Plastic Granules from Plastic Waste, Recycling of PET Bottles, Polyester Staple Fiber from PET Waste, PET Bottles from PET Preform, PET Flakes from PET Bottles, Texturised Yarn from Waste PET Bottles, FSSAI’s  Guidelines for Recycled PET in Food Contact Materials, Financial Support for Establishing Recycling Plants, Part 5: Other Specialized Recycling Processes - Caffeine Extraction from Tea Waste, Disposable Tableware from Sugarcane and Wheat Bagasse, Lubricating and Waste Oils Recycling, Waste Tyre Pyrolysis, Biomass Charcoal Unit, Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell Unit, Part 6: Compliance, Standards, and Resources - Biomedical Waste Management Unit, BIS Standards, Photographs of Plant and Machinery with Suppliers Contact Details, Part 7: Innovation, Sustainability and Future Trends in Waste Management - Carbon Credit Opportunities in Waste Management, Green Hydrogen Production from Waste Streams and AI and IoT in Waste Processing Automation. The book has been written for the benefit and to prove an asset and a handy reference guide in the hands of new entrepreneurs and well established industrialists. 

PART 1: FOUNDATIONS OF

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1

Beginning  Fundamentals of waste

• management 
• Waste hierarchy .
• Product life-cycle 
• Resource efficiency 
• Beginning 
• Ancient Times
• Middle Ages 
• Industrial Revolution
• 20th Century 
• 21st Century 

Chapter 2

Effective Waste Management Planning Details 

• Steps for Effective Waste Management Planning 
• Identify the Waste Your Facility Creates 
• Contents-cum-Index Identify Waste Streams 
• Establish a Waste Management Team
• Assess Current Waste Disposal Methods .
• Select Waste Management Partners 
• Set Targets for Waste Reduction 
• Create a Waste Management Action Plan 
• Train Employees on New Procedures .
• Track Your Progress and Monitor for Adjustments 

PART 2: METAL & ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING

Chapter 3

Automated Vehicle Scrapping Plant

• Challenges
• Opportunities .
• Tata Motors opens auto dismantling facility .
• Maruti Suzuki and Toyota Tsusho Group’s Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling unit commences operations 
• Scope of recycling in India 
• Setting up, Authorization, and Operation of Authorized Vehicle Scrapping Facility (AVSF) .
• Eligibility For Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling Facility Certificate .
• The Entity
• Criteria for Scrapping of Vehicle 
• Process for Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling Facility 
• Certificate of Vehicle Scrapping 
• Validity and Renewal of Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling Facility 
• Applicable Rules /Acts 

Chapter 4

Recycling Plant of Metal 

• Key Metal Recycling Plants and Companies in India: .
• Benefits of Setting up a Metal Recycling Plant 

Chapter 5

Copper Scrap Recycling 

• Copper is 100% Recyclable 
• Recycling Reduces CO2 Emissions and Energy Use .
• Understanding grades of copper scrap .
• #2 Copper 
• #1 Copper 
• Bare Bright Copper 
• #2 Insulated Wire 
• #1 Insulated Wire 
• The Upward Casting Method 
• Continuous Casting and Rolling (CCR) Method 
• Comparison and Applications .
• Beijing Holland Copper Recycling Solutions .
• Transforming copper scrap into premium products 
• Great demand for high-quality copper recycling 
• Environmental Considerations 
• The Copper Recycling Process .
• Sorting: The Gateway to Copper Recycling 
• Shredding: Breaking Down the Barrier 
• Melting: From Solid to Liquid Gold 
• Purification: Refining Excellence 

Chapter 6

Lead Acid Battery Recycling Unit 

• Importance of Recycling Lead-Acid Batteries
• The Recycling Process 
• Step 1: Collection 
• Step 2: Breaking and Separation 
• Step 3: Lead Melting and Refining 
• Step 4: Plastic Recycling 
• Step 5: Electrolyte Treatment 
• Step 6: Pollution Control and Compliance .
• Step 7: Sustainable Reuse 
• Challenges in Lead-Acid Battery Recycling 
• Best Practices for Safe and Efficient Recycling 
• Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant Setup 
• Benefits of Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant Setup 
• Environmental Benefits .
• Commercial Benefits 
• Social Benefits .
• Requirement for Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant
• Documents for Lead Acid  Battery Recycling Plant Setup .
• Personal Documents .
• Company Related Documents .
• Other Permissions 
• Process for Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant Setup in India .
• Documentation Process of Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant
• Recycling Process of Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant Cost and Fees 

Chapter 7

E-Waste Recycling 

• Exposure to e-waste .
• Children are the most vulnerable 
• Aspects of E-Waste Recycling 
• Prevention and management60 e waste management and recycling technologies 
• Key Processes 
• International agreements .
• WHO response 
• Technological Advancements in E-Waste Management .
• The Traditional Methods of Copper, Silver, Gold, and Palladium extraction from E-Waste 
• Cyanide Usage 
• Use of Acid 
• Extraction Through the Bioleaching 
• Procedure for the Extraction of Metals (gold, silver, copper, platinum) from the E-waste 

Chapter 8

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Unit .

• Solar Panel Recycling Plant .
• Recycling Technology .
• System Structure 
• Core Advantages 
• Technical Parameter 
• Lithium-ion Batteries Recycling Plant Setup 
• Lithium-Ion Battery: An introduction 
• Overview of Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Plant
• Types of Batteries 
• Benefits of a Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Plant 
• Methods of Recycling .
• Responsibilities of a Recycler in Li-Ion Battery Recycling .
• Requirements for a Li-Ion Battery Recycling Plant 
• Machines Used in Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Plant .
• Documents Required for a Lithium Battery Recycling Plant 
• Process for Setting Up a Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Plant in India 
• Cost of the Lithium Battery Recycling Plant .
• Lithium Battery Recycling Process .

Chapter 9

Aluminium Recycling Plant .

• Indian Market Potential for Aluminium Recycling 
• Aluminium Recycling Process .
• Advantages of Recycling Aluminium .
• Aluminium Recycling Plant Setup 
• Eligibility Criteria for Setting up a Aluminium Recycling Plant .
• Documents or Licenses Required for Setting up a Aluminium Recycling Plant .
• Procedure for Setting up a Aluminium Recycling Plant in India 
• Cost of Setting Up a Aluminium Recycling Plant 
• Opportunities in India’s Aluminium Recycling Sector 

PART 3: AGRICULTURAL & ORGANIC WASTE UTILIZATION

Chapter 10

Bio Coal Briquettes from Agricultural Waste 

• Materials Used in the Production of Bio-Coal Briquettes .
• Process of Bio-Coal Briquette Production .
• Bio Coal Briquetting Press Process .
• How Briquette Machines Are Used to Produce Bio-Coal Briquettes 
• Advantages of Bio Coal Briquettes
• Bio Coal Briquettes Uses 
• Benefits of Briquettes 

Chapter 11

Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing from Cow Dung .

• Contents of the invention 
• Preprocessing 
• Detailed description 
• Cow Dung Fermentation Process 
• Acquisition and preparation of raw organic matter
• Fermentation of organic matter 
• Temperature control 
• Crushing, screening and mixing ..
• Organic waste to cow dung poultry fertilizer granulation .
• Organic-inorganic fertilizer drying and cooling 
• Coating technology applied to organic cow dung fertilizer 
• Organic cow dung fertilizer screening and grading/ classification .
• Commonly used raw materials for making organic fertilizer

Chapter 12

Particle Board from Rice Husk 

• Market Potential 
• Particle Board Manufacturing .
• Raw Material Requirement 
• Manufacturing Process 
• Flow Chart of Manufacturing Process 
• List of Required Machinery and Equipment 

Chapter 13

Rice Bran Oil Extraction Process .

• The Market Potential for rice bran oil 
• Rice Bran Oil Extraction Process .
• Raw Material Preparation 
• Oil Extraction .
• Rice Bran Oil Refining .
• Steam Distillation .
• The rice bran oil solvent extraction process 
• Mechanical extraction vs solvent extraction
• Rice bran preparation .
• Next comes palletization or pelletizing. 
• Rice bran oil extraction .
• Refining crude rice bran oil 
• Emerging non-conventional techniques in rice bran oil extraction .
• Supercritical CO2 extraction 
• Subcritical CO2 fluid extraction 
• Subcritical water extraction .
• Ultrasound-assisted extraction 
• Microwave-assisted extraction .
• Producing rice bran oil within a sustainable circular economy 
• Sustainable sourcing .
• Energy-saving technology .
• Safer solvents .
• Downstream value addition 

Chapter 14

Pathogen Reductions during Waste Treatment .

• Main Pathogen Reduction Methods and Mechanisms.
• Main Aspects and Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion ..
• Thermal Treatment & Hydrolysis ..
• Biological processes 
• Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) 
• Advantages .
• Types of membranes .
• Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
• Agricultural Applications & Mechanisms.
• Algal-Based Systems .
• Components and Applications 
• Cultivation Systems and Future Prospects 
• Benefits of Algae in Agriculture: .
• Physical Removal Mechanism .
• Sedimentation .
• Filtration 
• Chemical Removal Mechanism .
• Adsorption .
• UV Radiation by Sunlight ..
• Biological Removal Mechanism .
• Natural Die-Off 
• Predation 
• Factors Affecting the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in OWTSs .
• Disinfection Treatment Unit 
• Effect of Filter Materials .
• Media Grain Size .
• Effect of Environmental Conditions 
• Seasonal Changes .
• pH 
• Water Composition .
• Sunlight Intensity 
• Pathogen Species and Morphologies 

PART 4: PLASTIC & PET WASTE RECYCLING

Chapter 15

Flexible and Rigid Plastic Recycling .

• Differences between Rigid and Flexible Plastics Recycling
• Classification of Plastics 
• Types of Rigid Plastics 
• Types of Flexible Plastics
• Recycling Processes 
• Methods for Recycling Rigid Plastics 
• Collection and Sorting 
• Cleaning and Crushing .
• Foundry & Extrusion ..
• Processes for Recycling Flexible Plastics 
• Gathering and Challenges 
• Cleaning and Recovery .
• Infrastructure Limitations .
• Plastics Recycling Challenges ..
• Obstacles in Rigid Recycling .
• Pollution and Waste .
• Inefficiencies in Harvesting 
• Challenges when Recycling Flexible Plastics
• Lack of Dedicated Infrastructure ..
• Low Public Awareness 
• Environmental Impact of Plastic 
• Consequences of Rigid Plastics .
• Durability and Degradation 
• Energy Savings by Recycling .
• Effects of Flexible Plastics 
• Decomposition Problems .
• Visual and Environmental Pollution .
• Alternatives to improve recycling ..
• Promotion of the Circular Economy..
• Innovations in Materials and Techniques .
• Education and Public Awareness .
• Types of Plastic Shredders 
• Single Shaft Plastic Shredders 
• Dual/Twin Shaft Plastic Shredders 
• Plastic Granulators/ Crushers .
• Plastic Washing Lines : Rigid vs Film Systems .
• Types of Plastic Washing Lines .
• Rigid Washing Line .
• Organic Waste Composting Machine .
• Semi Automatic Organic Waste Composting Machine .

Chapter 16

Plastic Granules from Plastic Waste 

• Plastic Granules Manufacturing Plant .
• Key Components of a Plastic Granules Manufacturing Plant ..
• Plastic Types Processed in the Plant .
• Process Flow of a Plastic Granules Manufacturing Plant 
• Investment and Setup Considerations 
• Benefits of a Plastic Granules Manufacturing Plant 
• Industries that Use Plastic Granules .
• Steps in the Manufacturing Process ..
• Quality Control in Plastic Granules Manufacturing .
• Granules Manufacturing Process .
• Recycling Process .
• Challenges in Plastic Granules Manufacturing 
• Licenses and Documents Needed for Plastic Granules Business
• Required Licenses and Documents Needed for Plastic Granules Business .
• Business Registration Certificate .
• Factory license 
• Fire NOC 
• Registration as a Plastic Waste Processor (PWP) 
• Consent NOC .
• Agglomeration Pelletizing Line .

Chapter 17

Recycling of PET Bottles ..

• PET Recycling ..
• Uses of recycled PET .
• Process of recycling of PET plastic .
• Collecting the PET plastic bottles .
• Separating the PET bottles
• Compacting the PET bottles .
• Recycling of the PET bottles .
• Transforming recycled PET plastic bottles into pellets .
• Washing and decontamination 
• Reforming and reusing the PET bottles 
• PET Bottle business 
• Benefits of Plastic Waste Recycling Plant .
• Requirements for Opening a Plastic Waste Recycling Plant 
• Land Requirement .
• Requirement of Utilities .
• Technician and Labors .
• Types of Plastic Recycling Machines ..
• Documents Required for Setting up a Plastic Recycling Business
• How to Apply for Plastic Waste Recycling Plant License? ..
• Renewal and Validity of Plastic Waste Recycling Plant 

Chapter 18

Polyester Staple Fiber from PET Waste.

• Polyester Staple Fiber .
• Key Components of a Polyester Staple Fiber Production Line 
• Raw Material Preparation .
• Polymerization .
• Extrusion and Spinning 
• Drawing and Crimping 
• Cutting (Staple Formation) 
• Finishing and Packing .
• The Polyester Staple Fiber Production Process
• Step 1: Raw Material Selection and Processing .
• Step 2: Extrusion and Fiber Formation .
• Step 3: Crimping and Cutting .
• Step 4: Fiber Finishing .
• Polyester Staple Fiber
• Manufacturing Process 
• Types of Polyester Staple Fiber .
• Applications of Polyester Staple Fiber .
• Setting Up a Polyester Staple Fiber Production Line .
• Specifications of Recycled Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF): .
• Application of Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF) ...
• Polyester Staple Fiber from PET Waste Plant Setup
• Steps to Setup Polyester Staple Fiber from PET Waste Plant ..
• Step 1: Conduct Market Research ..
• Step 2: Draw up a Business Plan with Every Detail .
• Step 3: Raise Finance ..
• Step 4: Choose a Suitable Location 
• Step 5: Obtain All Required Licenses and Permits 
• Step 6: Sourcing High-Quality Machinery 
• Step 7: Set Up the Plant ..
• Step 8: Establish a Collective System ...
• Step 9: Recycle Processes 
• Step 10: Quality Control .
• Step 11: Marketing and Sales .
• Step 12: Keep an Eye on and Enhance

Chapter 19

PET Bottles from PET Preform

• Introduction: PET Bottles .
• PET preforms .
• Process Details .
• Manufacturing Stages 
• One-Step Process .
• Two-Step Process 
• Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram of PET Bottles from PET Preform 
• PET Bottles: Uses, Recycling, Business and Plant Setup 
• PET Recycling ..
• Uses of recycled PET 
• PET Bottle business ..
• Prerequisites for setting up PET manufacturing business .
• PET bottle manufacturing: Registration and licenses 
• PET bottles crushing plant setup 
• Machinery setup and raw materials .

Chapter 20

PET Flakes from PET Bottles .

• Process of making PET flakes to PET bottles:-
• Hot washed PET Flakes..
• Cold washed PET Flakes .
• Unwashed PET Flakes .
• Overall, the textile and apparel industry is the most prominent for purchasing PET flakes 
• The packaging industry helps support the circular economy.
• Cosmetics and Personal Care Packaging ..
• Automotive Industry: Engineering Excellence with Recycled Materials 
• Building and Construction Materials: Eco-friendly Infrastructure
• Home and Garden Products: Consumer Uses .
• Electronics and Technology Industry ..
• Medical and Healthcare Uses .
• Quality Standards and Certification in PET Flakes Production .
• Quality Control Procedures 
• Color and Grade Differentiation 
• Recycling Process of RPET Flakes 
• The Market for RPET Flakes ..
• Government Regulations ..

Chapter 21

Texturised Yarn from Waste PET Bottles 

• Bottle-to-fiber recycling .
• Recycled polyester yarn manufacturing process
• Step-01: Collecting and Cleaning .
• Step-02: Shredding .
• Step-03: Processing .
• Step-04: Melting 
• Step-05: Polyester recycled yarn ...
• Advantages of polyester recycled yarn 
• Reduction of plastics in landfills .
• Energy Saving .
• Is recycled polyester sustainable? ..
• Applications of Recycled Polyester Yarn 
• Is recycled polyester safe to wear? .
• Best recycled pet yarn manufacturers .

Chapter 22

FSSAI’s Guidelines for Recycled PET in Food Contact Materials 

• Guidelines for Acceptance of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as Food Contact Material (FCM-rPET) ..
• Scope of the Guidelines ..
• Definitions for the Guidelines for Recycled PET as Food Contact Material .
• Benefits of New FSSAI Guidelines ..
• Marking and Labelling of FCMrPET ..
• Process Requirements for FCM-rPET .
• Conditions for the Authorization of FCM-rPET .
• Documentation for FCM-rPET Authorization .
• Application Process for Authorization of FCM-rPET 

Chapter 23

Financial Support for Establishing Recycling Plants .

• Understanding the Guidelines for One-Time Financial Assistance for the Establishment of Recycling Plant and Machinery ..
• Objectives of the Guidelines .
• Details of Plastic Recycling Facilities .
• Oversight Mechanism for Plastic Recycling Units 
• SPCBs/PCCs Responsibilities: ..
• CPCB Responsibilities ..
• Post-Commissioning Monitoring 
• Inspection by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) ..
• Financing Structure ..
• Support for Capital Expenditure: ..
• Cost Sharing ..
• Disbursement Mechanism .
• Eligibility Criteria of One-Time Financial Support for Establishing Recycling Plants & Machinery 
• Documents Required for One- Time Financial Support for Establishing Recycling Plants & Machinery 
• Process of Application, Evaluation & Approval Mechanism 

PART 5: OTHER SPECIALIZED RECYCLING PROCESSES

Chapter 24

Caffeine Extraction from Tea Waste ..

• Properties of Caffeine 
• Effects of Caffeine .
• Advantages of Caffeine .
• Caffeine Extraction ..
• Step-by-Step Extraction Process .
• Main Considerations ..
• Trandermal patch using extracted caffeine as a drug 

Chapter 25

Disposable Tableware from Sugarcane and Wheat Bagasse..

• The Production Process .
• Composition and Properties 
• Bagasse-based Tableware - An Eco-Friendly Alternative 
• Eco-Friendly Alternative ...
• Biodegradable and Compostable ..
• Versatile and Durable .
• Sugarcane Bagasse and Wheat Straw .
• Step-by-Step: How to Produce Eco-Friendly Tableware
• Key Machinery Required ..
• Where Is It Suitable to Start This Business? ..
• Investment Potential .

Chapter 26

Lubricating and Waste Oils Recycling 

• Introduction .
• Analysis of properties ..
• Methods for Waste Oil Purification: .
• Physical method ..
• Chemical method .
• Physicochemical method .
• Recovery of Waste Lubricating Oil ...
• Conventional method and process ..
• Steps in the Waste Oil Purification Process 
• Waste lubricating oil treatment by extraction and adsorption 
• Purifying Waste Cooking Oil 
• Used Engine Oil Purification .
• Vacuum distillation ..
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Process ..
• Treating waste engine oil with bleaching agents 
• Acid Treatment .
• Bleaching ..
• Neutralization ..
• Bleaching using activated Carbon .
• Sedimentation ...
• Filtration ...
• Acids in Waste Oil Purification .
• Proper Disposal of Used Cooking Oil 
• Waste Oil Purification Systems ..
• System 1: Vacuum Hydraulic Oil Dehumidifier/Waste Oil
• Purification Machine ..
• System 2: DTS Multifunctional Waste Oil Purification & Regeneration Equipment ...
• System 3: Waste Cooking Oil
• Recycling Filter Machine .
• System 4: Waste Oil Recycling Plant .
• System 5: Vacuum Dehydration Oil Purification Systems (VDOPS) Oil Purifier 
• Additional Features ..
• System 6: Portable Oil Filtration System ..
• Oil Property Restoration ..
• System 7: Heavy Fuel Waste Oil Purification Centrifuge Separator Machine .
• Automation and Efficiency .
• Processes for Waste Oil Purification ..
• Sedimentation ..
• Vacuum Treatment .
• Adsorption Method .
• Membrane Filtration .
• Acid Treatment 
• Solvent Extraction .
• Clay Treatment 
• Reprocessing & Re-Refining of Used Oil ..
• Used Oil Treatment: Vacuum Distillation & Clay Treatment .
• Recycling Waste Oil ..
• Used Lubricant Oil Recycling Process: .
• Benefits of waste Oil Purification ..
• Supports Sustainability Efforts .
• Reduces Carbon Emissions: .
• Eliminates Landfilling Needs .
• Encourages Innovation: ..
• Cost Savings ..
• Minimizes Pollution Risks 
• Challenges in Waste Oil Purification .
• Storage and Transport .
• Advanced Technologies 
• Handling Hazardous Byproducts .
• Health Risks .
• Awareness Issues .

Chapter 27

Waste Tyre Pyrolysis .

• Aspects of Waste Tyre 
• Pyrolysis .
• Tyre Pyrolysis Process: Step-by- Step .
• Step 1: Pre-treatment & Feeding 
• Step 2: Thermal Cracking in the Reactor 
• Step 3: Oil Gas
• Condensation .
• Step 4: Carbon Black
• Discharge ..
• Pyrolysis Process of WTs at Different Temperatures 
• Effect of Temperature on Pyrolysis Products .

Chapter 28

Biomass Charcoal Unit .

• Biomass materials for making charcoal .
• Starting a Biomass Briquette Business ..
• Step 1: Market Research and Feasibility Study .
• Step 2: Developing a Biomass Briquettes Business Plan 
• Step 3: Setting Up a Briquettes Manufacturing Plant .
• Step 4: Estimating Briquettes Manufacturing Plant Cost 
• Step 5: Quality Control and Compliance ..
• Step 6: Marketing and Sales .
• Benefits of IID Membership 
• Economic and Environmental Impact of Biomass Energy .
• Biomass/Solid waste/Sludge Carbonization Line 
• Challenges and Solutions in India’s Biomass Sector
• Advancements Driving Biomass Energy  Forward .
• Importance of Emission Standards for Coal Briquette Industry .
• Effluent Standards for Briquette Industry (Coal) .
• Technologies to Control Pollution from Briquette Industry (Coal) ..
• Monitoring and Reporting ..

Chapter 29

Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell Unit .

• Product Specification ..
• The sector wise demand ..
• Manufacturing Process ..
• Process flow sheet for Activated carbon from Coconut shells by steam activated process 
• Plant and Machinery 
• Types of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon .
• Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) .
• Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC).
• Impregnated and Specialty Grades 
• Applications of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon 
• Water Treatment .
• Wastewater Treatment 
• Air and Gas Purification .
• Food and Beverage Industry 1
• Gold Recovery and Chemical Processes .
• Pharmaceutical and Medical Uses 

PART 6: COMPLIANCE, STANDARDS, AND RESOURCES

Chapter 30

Biomedical Waste Management Unit .

• Introduction 
• The Importance of Proper Biomedical Waste Management 
• Necessity of Biomedical Waste Management 
• Classification of Biomedical Waste 
• Objective of Biomedical Management ..
• Bio-Medical Waste Management ..
• Steps involved in Bio-medical Waste Management.
• Bio-Medical Waste Segregation ..
• Packaging .
• Collection .
• Labelling .
• Storage of Biomedical Waste .
• Transport of clinical waste to treatment/disposal unit outside the hospital
• Central Waste Collection Room for Bio-medical Waste 
• Central Storage for HCFs Having Captive Treatment and Disposal System 
• Record Keeping 
• Treatment of Biomedical Waste .
• Incineration .
• Autoclaving .
• Chemical treatment .
• Microwaving .
• Irradiation 
• Disposal of Biomedical Waste 

Chapter 31

BIS Standards .

• Key BIS Standards for Waste Recycling: 
• Mandatory BIS Standards for Waste Bags and Containers 
• Standards for Recyclable Waste (Red & Blue Category) .
• Requirements for Recycling Facilities 
• Key Prohibitions .

Chapter 32

Photographs of Plant and Machinery with Suppliers Contact Details 

• Plant and Machinery with Suppliers ..

PART 7: INNOVATION, SUSTAINABILITY AND FUTURE TRENDS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 33

Carbon Credit Opportunities in Waste Management 

• Basics of Carbon Credits /
• Carbon Trading ..
• Aspects of Carbon Trading 
• Relevant Methodologies 
• Methodologies and Opportunities ..
• Waste Projects that Qualify 
• Eligible Waste Projects .
• Measuring Emissions Reductions ...
• Aspects of Measuring Emissions Reductions (MRV) .
• Carbon Credit Opportunities ..
• Requirements for Successful Credits 
• Registration Processes / Standards .
• Registration Process Steps 
• Carbon Credit Standards ..
• Carbon Credit Opportunities & Sectors .
• Concepts & Requirements 
• Indian Carbon Market (ICM) Focus ..
• Case Studies ..
• The Greater Chennai Corporation 
• Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation .
• Challenges & Risks 
• Mitigation Strategies 
• Chapter 34
• Green Hydrogen Production from Waste Streams .
• What is “green hydrogen” vs grey / blue / etc.
• Key Differences in Hydrogen Production ..
• Black, brown and grey hydrogen ...
• Blue hydrogen .
• Green hydrogen .
• Other colours of hydrogen ..
• Waste-to-Hydrogen Pathways .
• Plasma oxy-gasification of MSW / agri-waste. (e.g. NTPC’s demo plant) ..
• Collaboration and Catalyst Development ..
• Operational Capabilities and Environmental Impact 
• Photoreforming of plastics / biomass to hydrogen .
• Aspects of Photoreforming .
• Biomass to hydrogen ...
• Pathways for Hydrogen Production .
• Advantages and Environmental Impact 
• Challenges .
• Non-thermal plasma methods; gasification + separation techniques; membrane + PSA etc. 
• Aspects of the Integrated Technologies: .
• Global Hydrogen Regulatory & Policy Trends (2025-2026) 
• Regional Incentives & Subsidies ..

Chapter 35

AI and IoT in Waste Processing Automation 

• Introduction .
• Sorting waste with AI .
• AI and robotics working together ..
• Smart bins and AI .
• Smart Waste Management System: 
• IoT-Based Waste Management Framework .
• Smart Bins .
• Automated Sorting Systems
• Real-Time Monitoring and Analytics .
• Fleet Management for Waste Collection 
• Benefits of IoT in Waste Management .
• Operational Efficiency .
• Environmental Impact .
• Enhanced Recycling Rates 
• Data-Driven Decision Making 
• Case Studies and Data Analysis 
• Recycling Automation Using IoT 
• Smart Sensors for Material Identification ..
• AI-Powered Sorting Mechanisms....
• Automated Recycling Facilities 
• Case Study: Visakhapatnam city .