Complete Technology Handbook on Automobile Components and Allied Products (Transmission, Clutch, Chassis, Suspension, Battery, Brake, Radiator, Chain, Drive Shaft, Piston, Pin etc)

Complete Technology Handbook on Automobile Components and Allied Products (Transmission, Clutch, Chassis, Suspension, Battery, Brake, Radiator, Chain, Drive Shaft, Piston, Pin, Piston Ring, Valve, Control Cable, Silencer, Engine Mounting, Auto Lock, Drum, Gear, Leaf Spring, Various Engine Parts, Shock Absorber, Cylinder Block, Tyre & Flaps) with Detailed Manufacturing Process and Project Profiles

The book provides detailed information on the manufacturing of integral parts of automobiles and the practices involved in finishing the products. Topics covered in the book include the classification of vehicles based on load, fuel usage, and their respective parts. It also delves into the materials used in automobile manufacturing, such as metals, alloys, and polymers. The book explores the technologies employed in the industry and highlights the use of aluminum and plastics in automobiles. Additionally, it provides insights into the manufacturing processes for engine parts, including auto pistons, pins, piston rings, lead storage batteries, valves, valve seats, automobile silencers, automobile chains, cylinder blocks, automobile control cables, engine mounting pads, and auto locks. Other areas covered include the manufacturing of automobile chassis, disc brakes, brake drums, gears, gear blanks, leaf springs, shock absorbers, and automobile tires. The book also discusses heat treatment systems for automobile parts and forging technology, specifically open die forging.

The boo contains chapters on Introduction, Materials used in Automobiles, Materials and Technologies for Automotive Use, Use of Aluminium in Automobiles, Use of Plastics in Automobiles: Technology Activities and Priorities, Manufacturing of Engine Parts, Manufacturing of Automobile, Heat Treatments of Automobiles, Forging Technology of Automobile Parts, Painting Technology of Automobiles, Plant Economics of Automotive Engine Valves, Plant Economics of Brake Pad and Shoe, Plant Economics of Leaf Springs for Tractor Drawn Trolleys & Four Wheeler Tempos, Plant Economics of Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery Pack, Plant Economics of Showroom Cum Workshop and Service Centre, Plant Economics of Tubeless Valves for Cars and Trucks, Plant Economics of Tyre and Tubes Including Flaps, Addresses of Machinery and Equipment Suppliers, Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers.

Chapter 1

Introduction

• Classification of Vehicles
• Layout of an Automobile Chassis
• Main Components of Chassis
• Types of automobile chassis
• Full forward chassis
• Semi-forward chassis
• Bus Chassis
• Engine at front chassis
• The engine fitted at the rear
• The engine fitted in center chassis
• Long wheelbase chassis
• Overhang Chassis
• Half-integral and Half-frame chassis
• Components of the Automobile
• The Chassis
• The Engine
• The Transmission System
• Clutch
• Gearbox
• Differential
• Axle
• The Body
• Steering system
• Braking system
• The Auxiliaries

Chapter 2

Materials used in Automobiles

• Metals and Alloys
• Steel
• Sheet steel
• High strength steels
• Stainless Steel
• Cast Iron
• Aluminum
• Copper
• Magnesium
• Lead
• Gold
• Requirements of the Materials in Automotive
• Material properties
• Material cost
• Material availability
• Material compatibility
• Material innovation
• Material selection tools
• Safety, Crashworthiness
• Crashworthiness Tests
• Frontal Offset Crash Test Detail
• Side Impact Crash Testing/Ratings Criterian
• Side Barrier Crash Test Scenario
• Static Stability Factor
• Recycling and Life Cycle Considerations
• Current materials in use and their future
• Metals
• Steel
• New grades of steel and alloys
• Duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steel
• Austenitic stainless steel
• Advances in manufacturing and joining technique
• Aluminium
• Aluminium alloys for body-in-white applications
• Aluminium alloys for brazing sheet applications
• Magnesium
• Mechanical properties of Mg alloys
• Technical problems and solutions for use of magnesium alloys in automotive industry
• Plastics and composites
• Fabrication
• Cost
• Manufacturability
• Design data/test methodologies
• Joining and inspection
• Renewable materials, barriers and incentives in use of biocomposites
• Thermoplastic/thermoset polymers
• Composite processing

Chapter 3

• Materials and Technologies for Automotive Use
• Introduction
• Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)
• Aluminum Alloys
• Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
• Light Plastics and Composites
• Sustainable Materials
• Steel Sheets
• High Strength Steel Sheets
• New precipitation-hardened high strength hot rolled steel sheet “NANO-Hiten”
• New high strength hot rolled steel sheet for strain aging use “BHT”
• High strength galvannealed steel sheets
• SFG Hiten
• Low Carbon Equivalent Type Hiten
• High formability ultra-high strength cold rolled steel sheets
• High carbon steel sheets with high formability . Coated Steel Sheets
• Coated steel sheets with high lubrication for automotive use
• Development of Inorganic Type High Lubrication Galvannealed Steel Sheets
• Organic Solid Lubricant Technology
• Summary
• Hot dip galvanized steel sheet with excellent surface appearance
• Improvement of Surface Appearance
• Surface Roughness Transfer Technologies and Frictional Properties
• Summary
• Evaluation and Application Technologies for Automotive Steel Materials
• Tailor welded blanks
• Application technologies of hydroforming
• Application technologies for high strength steel sheets in press forming
• Application of CAD-CAE systems
• High Frequency Electrical Materials for Cars of the Future “Super-Core”
• Features of JFE Steel’s Super-Core
• JNEX
• JNHF
• Automotive Applications
• Stationary equipment
• Rotating machinery
• Other electrical applications
• Summary
• Ferritic Stainless Steels for Automobile Exhaust System Parts
• Steels for Mufflers
• Steels for Exhaust Manifolds
• Steels for Catalytic Converter Substrate
• Steel Tubes
• HISTORY Tube
• High Formability ERW Tubes for Automotive Use
• Stainless Steel Tubes for High Temperature Service in Automotive Exhaust Systems
• Bar Products for Automotive Use
• Bearing Steels “NKJ”, “KUJ7”
• Graphite Steel “HFC1 Steel”
• BN Free Cutting Steel “CCBN Steel”
• High Surface Durable Carburized Dual-phase Steel
• High Toughness Microalloyed Steel for Hot Forging
• Warm Compaction Method with Die Wall
• Lightweight Composite Material for Automotive Headliner “KP Sheet”

Chapter 4

• Use of Aluminium in Automobiles
• Introduction
• Aluminium in Automobile
• Advantages of Using Aluminum
• Disadvantages of Using Aluminum
• Space Frame Technology
• Sand Casting
• Al-Si Alloys
• Grain Refinement
• Modification
• Extrusion
• Al-Si-Mg Alloys
• Moment of Inertia
• Heat Treatment
• Solutionizing
• Aging
• Annealing
• Exposed Loads on Chassis
• Static Loads
• Dynamic Loads
• Fatigue
• Welding
• Stress Corrosion Cracking
• Sand Casting
• Spiral Fluidity Test
• Mechanical Properties of A356.0 and Silafont-36
• Mechanical Properties Change with Heat Treatment

Chapter 5

• Use of Plastics in Automobiles: Technology Activities and Priorities
• Reducing weight
• Energy management technologies
• Cost modeling
• Polypropylene
• Polyurethane
• Polyvinyl Chloride
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
• Nylon 6/6
• Polystyrene
• Polyethylene
• Polyoxymethylene

Chapter 6

• Manufacturing of Engine Parts
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity
• Pollution Control
• Manufacturing Technoloy of Piston Ring
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Material
• Manufacturing Process
• Piston Ring Coatings
• Production Capacity
• Quality Control
• Pollution Control
• Power Consumption
• Manufacturing Technology of Lead Storage Battery
• Introduction
• Market Potential:
• Basis & Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Process Flow Chart Quality Control & Standard
• Production Capacity (Per Annum)
• Motive Power Required
• Pollution Control Requirements:
• Energy Conservation
• Lighting
• Additional Information
• Manufacturing Technology of Valve and Valve Seat
• Introduction
• Introducing Engine Valves
• Valve Mechanism and Operation
• Intake Stroke
• Compression and Power Strokes
• Exhaust Stroke
• Valve Timing and Overlapping
• Engine valve material
• Valves sizes
• Manufacturing Technology of Automobile Silencer
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and presumptions 
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Production Technology of Automobile Chain
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Manufacturing process of Cylinder Block
• Introduction
• Functional requirements of an engine block
• Material used in engine block casting
• Grey cast iron alloys
• Aluminum alloys
• Compacted graphite cast iron
• Tooling required for casting engine block
• Manufacturing process of engine block
• Theory behind casting
• Quality consideration during the production
• Possible defects during the production
• Production Technology of Cylinder Linear
• Introduction
• Functions of Cylinder Liners
• Formation of Sliding Surface
• Reduction of Wear
• Heat Transfer
• Sealing
• Withstanding Combustion
• Market & Demand Aspects:
• Raw Materials
• Manufacturing process & Source of Technology
• Basis of Project preperation and Technical aspects
• Presumption
• Quality Control & Standards
• Pollution Control
• Advantages of Cylinder Liners
• Disadvantages of Cylinder Liners
• Production Technology of Automobile Control Cable
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Implementation Schedule
• Process Flow Chart
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity
• Motive Power
• Pollution Control
• Production Technology of Engine Mounting PAD
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Manufacturing Technology of Auto Locks
• Introduction
• Market
• Basis & Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects:
• Process Outline
• Quality Control and Standard
• Production Capacity
• Pollution Control
• Manufacturing Technology of Radiator
• Introduction
• Uses & Market Potential:
• Product
• Raw Material
• Manufacturing Process:
• Power Requirement
• Assembly Fixtures

Chapter 7

• Manufacturing of Automobile Chassis
• Manufacturing of automobile Body
• Car Manufacturing Process
• Body-In-White Concepts
• Structural Components
• BIW Manufacturing Processes
• Blanking and Stamping Processes
• Subassembly Processes and Major subassemblies of a BIW
• Engine Sub-assembly
• Transmission Sub-assembly
• Suspension Sub-assembly
• Electrical Sub-assembly
• Dashboard Sub-assembly
• Understanding Sub Assembly In Automotive Manufacturing
• Improved Efficiency
• Enhanced Quality Control
• Streamlined Logistics
• Flexibility in Production
• Vehicle Sub-assembly
• Truck Sub-assembly
• The Process of Automotive Sub Assembly
• Component Preparation
• Sub-Assembly Design
• Quality Control and Testing
• Sub-Assembly Integration
• Documentation and Traceability
• Benefits of Sub Assembly in Automotive Production
• Streamlined Assembly Process
• Enhanced Quality Control
• Improved Ergonomics and Worker Efficiency
• Supply Chain Management
• Cost Savings
• Body Framing Process
• Door Manufacturing Processes
• Rolling and Blanking Processes
• Door Fitting
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Manufacturing of brake disc
• Introduction
• The Materials used for the manufacturing process
• Equipment/tools used for manufacturing
• The Manufacturing Details of Ceramic Composite Brake discs
• Quality considerations and defects that would occur in production
• Production Technology of Brake Drum
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity (per annum)
• Pollution Control
• Manufacturing Technology of Gear Blank
• Introduction
• Raw Materials
• Manufacturing Process
• The Process of Flow Chart
• Basis of Project Selection:
• Presumptions:
• Production Capacity
• Utilities
• Production of Gear Technology
• Introduction
• Types of Gears and Their Applications
• Spur Gears
• Helical Gears
• Bevel Gears
• Worm Gears
• Materials Suitable for Making Gears
• Mechanical properties
• Friction
• Manufacturability
• Different Gear Manufacturing Processes
• Die Casting
• Forging
• Extrusion and Cold-drawing
• Powder Metallurgy
• Gear Machining Process
• Gear Hobbing
• Gear Shaping
• Gear Broaching
• Gear Milling
• How to Choose the Right Gear Manufacturing Process
• Gear Manufacturing Post Processing Options
• Grinding
• Lapping
• Honing
• Shaving
• Gear Shaping
• Working of Gear Shaping
• Types of Gear Shaping
• Applications of Gear Shaping
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Shaping
• Difference between Gear Shaping and Hobbing
• Gear Shaper machine
• Pinion cutter gear shaping process
• Setup
• Working
• Gear Shaping by Rack Shaped Cutter
• Gear Cutting by Milling
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Bevel Gears
• Gear manufacture by casting method
• Methods of forming gears
• Roll forming
• Stamping
• Powder metallurgy
• Extrusion
• Gear Generating Process
• Gear Hobbing
• Typing of hobbing
• Arial hobbing
• Radial hobbing
• Tangential hobbing
• Gear shaping (The Fellows process)
• Rack-type cutter generating process
• Pinion type cutter generating process
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Gear cutting by milling
• Disc type cutter
• End mill cutter
• Advantage
• Uses
• Bevel Gear Generating
• Straight Bevel-gear generator
• Spiral bevel-gear Generator
• Gleason Method
• Templet Gear cutting process
• Gear finishing process
• Gear shaving
• Gear grindings
• Disadvantage
• Gear lopping
• Shot blasting
• Phosphate coating
• Gear planning
• The Sunderland process
• The maag process
• Principal of gear planning
• Production of Gear Box Housing
• Parts of a car gearbox
• Different types of gearboxes in cars
• Manual gearbox
• Automatic gearbox
• Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)
• Torque Converter Gearbox
• Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
• Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT)
• Functions of the car gearbox
• How does a car gearbox work?
• Advantages and disadvantages of manual gearbox
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Advantages and disadvantages of automatic gearbox
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Interesting facts about car gearboxes
• Car Gearbox Prototyping and Manufacturing Process
• CNC machining
• 3D Printing
• Initial validation and testing
• Synchromesh Gearbox
• Constant Mesh Gearbox
• Preselector Transmission
• Production Process of Leaf Spring
• Introduction
• Parts of Leaf Spring
• Metal Plates or Leaves
• Master Leaf
• Centre Bolt
• U-bolt
• Rebound Clip
• Spring Eye
• Shackle
• Rubber Bush
• Types of Leaf Spring Suspension
• Multi-leaf Spring
• Mono Leaf Spring
• Semi-elliptical Leaf Spring
• Quarter-Elliptical Leaf Spring
• Three-Quarter Elliptical Leaf Spring
• Full Elliptical Leaf Spring
• Transverse Leaf Spring
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Manufacturing Process
• Process Flow Chart
• Standard size of Leaf Spring
• Material used for Leaf Spring
• Pollution Control Measures:
• Energy Conservation:
• Production Technology of Shock Absorbers
• Introduction
• Components of a Shock Absorber
• Mount
• Bushing
• Coil Spring
• Piston and Piston Rod
• Cylinder
• Bolts
• Additional Small Parts of Shock Absorber
• Working Principle of Shock Absorber
• Types of Shock Absorbers
• Conventional Telescopic Shock Absorbers:
• Strut-Type Shock Absorbers
• Spring Seat Shock Absorbers
• Functions of Shock Absorbers
• Symptoms of Bad and Failing Shock Absorber
• Advantages of Shock Absorber
• Disadvantages of Shock Absorber
• Applications of Shock Absorbers
• Manufacturing process of shock absorber
• Production Technology of Automobiles Tyres
• Introduction
• Innovations and Advancements in Tyre Manufacturing Technology
• Tyre Production Process
• Rubber & Compound
• Fabric & Steel
• The Belt & Ply
• The Bead
• The Tread
• The Sidewall
• The Inner Liner
• Putting it all together – building the tyre
• Curing
• Inspection
• Environmental Concerns and Sustainability in Tyre Production
• Natural Rubber (NR)
• Environmental Effects
• Mechanical Effects
• Oils and Solvents
• Synthetic Rubbers
• Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
• Butadiene Rubber (BR)
• Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
• (Acrylo) Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
• Iso Butylene Isoprene (Butyl) Rubber (IIR)
• Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM or EPR)
• Silicone Rubber
• Chloroprene Rubber
• Tread Design
• Tread Design Types
• Symmetric Tread
• Asymmetric Tread
• Unidirectional Tread
• Tread Elements
• Sipes
• Blocks
• Ribs
• Shoulder
• Void Ratio
• Grooves
• Tread Design and Wet Road Conditions
• Types of Tyres Used in Cars
• All-Season Tyres
• Summer Tyres
• Winter Tyres
• Performance Tyres
• Run-Flat Tyres
• All-Terrain Tyres
• Mud-Terrain Tyres
• Emergency Spare Tyres
• Space-Saver Tyres
• Choosing the Right Tyre for Your Car
• Tyre Size
• Tyre Tread
• Tyre Construction
• Driving Conditions
• Tyre Profile and Aspect Ratio
• Speed Marking of Tyres
• How to read a tyre width and the aspect ratio?
• How to read a tyre construction type and the wheel diameter?
• How to read the maximum load and speed of a tyre?
• How to identify the brand name and range of the tyre?
• How to identify the type of tyre?
• How to read tyre pressure?
• How to read a tyre date code?
• Manufacturing Technology of Auto Tubes and Flaps
• Introduction
• Market Potential
• Basis and Presumptions
• Implementation Schedule
• Technical Aspects
• Process of Manufacture
• Manufacturing Technology of Axle
• Importance of Axle strength
• Types of Axle
• Front axle
• Rear axle
• Stub axle
• Production Process
• Forming
• Welding assembling
• Machining
• Axle unit assembly

Chapter 8

• Heat Treatments of Automobiles
• Introduction
• Materials Used In Auto vehicles
• Bake Hardening Steel Sheets
• High Tensile Strength Steel Sheets
• Corrosion Resistant Coated Steel Sheets
• Constructional Steels
• Case Hardening Steels
• Heat Resistant Steels
• Powder Metallurgy Products
• Copper Alloys
• Aluminum Alloys
• Magnesium Alloys
• Titanium Alloys
• Composite Materials
• Plastics and Rubber
• Glass and Ceramics
• Heat Treatment
• Types of heat treatment
• Processing technology in heat treatment
• Carburizing and Carbonitriding
• Nitro-carburizing
• Induction hardening
• Powder Metallurgy and Sintering
• Key issue in heat treatment: atmosphere control
• Carbon potential control
• Gas carburizing processes
• Reduced pressure carburizing (Vacuum carburizing)
• High Pressure Gas Quenching
• Carbonitriding
• Low temperature nitrocarburizing and oxynitrocarburizing
• Surface modification and hybrid heat treatment
• Solid lubricant coatings
• Emerging technologies in materials, heat treatment and surface engineering
• Materials
• Carburizing and carbonitriding
• New nitriding methods for aluminum
• Nitriding of stainless and maraging steels
• Furnaces for heat treatment of fasteners and automobile parts
• Washing machine
• Hardening furnace
• Quenching tank
• Continuous hot blast tempering furnace
• Capacity of the main furnace
• Capacity of the quenching tank
• Capacity of the continuous hot blast tempering furnace
• Capacity of the dyeing tank
• Crucible type annealing furnaces
• Application
• Features
• Specifications of the bell type furnace
• Features

Chapter 9

• Forging Technology of Automobile Parts
• Introduction
• Definition of Forging
• What is forging?
• Materials suitable For Forging
• properties of the forgeable materials?
• Forgeability
• Factors affecting on Forging
• Characteristics of forged parts
• Forging Process Tools
• Types of Forging machine:
• Types Of Forging
• Open die forging:
• Hand Forging
• Closed Die forging:
• Drop forging
• Forging Operation
• Operations carried out in forging process
• Forging dies
• Forging Process Application
• Forging Process:
• Casting Process
• Powder Forging Process
• Spanner Forging
• Forging Sequence for Spanner
• Crankshaft Forging
• Other Application
• Forging defects with their remedies
• Advantages of Forging:
• Disadvantages of Forging
• Applications of Forging Process:

Chapter 10

• Painting Technology of Automobiles
• Introduction
• Demand for anti-fouling paints for automotive
• Increasing demand for foam control agents
• Need for mar & stain resistance additives
• Spray Priming System
• The Beginning
• Enamel Paint
• Acrylic Lacquer Paint
• Acrylic Enamel Paint
• Water-Based Paint
• Clear Coat Paint
• Advancements in Car Paint Technology
• Nanotechnology in Paint Formulations
• High-Performance Ceramic Coatings
• Waterborne Paint Systems
• Pearlescent and Chameleon Paints
• Digital Printing and Customization
• Types of Automotive Paints, Step By Step Painting Process
• Stage 1: Applying The Primer - Car Painting – Primer Application
• Stage 2: Spraying The Base Coat- Car Painting – Base Coat Spray
• Stage 3: Spraying The Clear Coat - Car Painting – Clear Coating
• Spray priming system
• Dip priming system
• Electropriming system
• Performance
• Pretreatment
• Rust removal
• Alkali degrease
• Metal phosphate (conversion coating)
• Pretreatment as a corrosion inhibitor: mechanism
• Priming
• Spray priming
• Dip priming
• Products
• Pigmentation
• Prime pigments:
• Extenders
• Process
• Electropainting
• Anodic electrocoat
• Resin systems
• Pigmentation
• Mechanism of deposition
• Practical considerations
• Basic plant requirements
• Control methods
• Deficiencies of anodic electrocoat primers
• Cathodic electrocoat
• Resin system
• Pigmentation
• Colour
• Performance characteristics
• Plant requirements
• Dip rinsing
• Ultrafiltration
• Control method
• Pretreatment
• General appraisal and current developments
• Surfacers
• Background
• Introduction
• Product types and formulation
• Resins systems
• Alkyds
• Epoxy esters
• Polyesters
• Epoxies: film modifiers
• Crosslinking resins
• Pigmentation
• Prime pigments
• Extenders
• Polyurethane-modified polyester surfacer (including ‘colour keyed’ products)
• Summary of basic parameters
• Specific gravity (ASTM D1475)
• Flash point
• Film properties (stoved film)
• Appearance
• Anti-chip coatings
• Background and resin types
• Pigmentation
• Inverted or reverse process
• Electro powder coating (EPC)
• Automotive topcoats
• Alkyd or polyester finishes
• Basic chemistry
• ‘Sagging’
• ‘Solvent-popping’ resistance
• General properties
• Thermosetting acrylic/NAD finishes
• Basic chemistry
• General properties
• Metallic appearance
• ‘Sagging’
• ‘Solvent-popping’ resistance
• Thermoplastic acrylic lacquers
• Basic chemistry
• General properties
• Basecoat/clear technology
• Solvent-borne
• Basic chemistry
• Application/process
• Colour/pigmentation
• Painting of plastic body components
• Sheet moulded compound (SMC) and dough moulded compound (DMC)
• Polyurethane: PU RIM and PU RRIM
• Injection moulded plastics
• Painting problems
• Adhesion
• Heat distortion
• Surface texture
• Solvent sensitivity
• Degradation of mechanical properties
• Paint processes and products
• On-line
• Off-line
• ‘Part-way’ down paint line
• Spray application
• Air spray
• Spray losses
• Automatic spray
• Low-pressure hot spray
• Airless spray
• Electrostatic spray
• Resistivity
• Electrostatic application of water-borne automotive coatings
• General plant design features
• Paint circulating system for electrical insulation
• Externally charged atomizers
• Application efficiency - practical considerations and processes
• Modern spraybooth design-ventilation modes
• Preconditioning the air
• Concentrators
• Process details: typical application parameters-turbo bells
• Stoving procedures
• Oven technology
• Design considerations of convection ovens
• Oven configuration
• Oven ventilation
• Oven heating
• Fresh air requirements
• Fuel available/heating method
• Fume and odour emission
• Thermal incineration
• Catalytic combustion
• Future stoving developments
• Performance/testing
• Appearance
• Performance
• Physical properties
• Chemical resistance
• Test procedures
• Cure (test for crosslinking products)
• Sandability (surfacers)
• Adhesion: crosshatch test (1.5 mm or 2.0 mm template)
• Future developments
• High solids technology
• Solids range:
• Resin types:
• Types of product involved:
• Higher solids surfacer technology
• Application solids
• High solids polyester topcoats
• Higher solids basecoats
• Ultra high solids coatings
• Water-borne products
• Solids range
• Resin types
• Product types
• Surfacers
• Basecoats
• Powder coatings and aqueous slurries
• Resin types: epoxy, polyester, acrylic
• Aqueous powder slurries
• Solid colour basecoats
• Clearcoats
• Pigmentation
• Painting of plastics
• Electrodeposition and spray application

Chapter 11

• Plant Economics of Automotive Engine Valves
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 12

• Plant Economics of Brake Pad and Shoe
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 13

• Plant Economics of Leaf Springs for Tractor Drawn Trolleys & Four Wheeler Tempos
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 14

• Plant Economics of Lithium Ferro Phosphate Battery Pack
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 15

• Plant Economics of Showroom Cum Workshop and Service Centre
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 16

• Plant Economics of Tubeless Valves for Cars and Trucks
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 17

• Plant Economics of Tyre and Tubes Including Flaps
• Land & Building
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital Requirement/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

Chapter 18

Addresses of Machinery and Equipment Suppliers

Chapter 19

• Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers
• Rubber Chemicals
• Carbon Black
• Process Oil
• Zinc Oxide
• Mineral Fillers and Synthetic Rubber
• Stearic Acid